PML L1 Flashcards
Motor programming approach
Representational theory
Motor programs
‘traces’ or ‘schemes’ that calculate motor
commands for muscle activity or kinematics (i.e., form, speed,
extent) that produce the movement pattern. This includes
(separate) representations of expected feedback (or sensory
consequences)
Learning
forming, refining and/or strengthening of internal
representations (striving toward accurate predictions of feedback)
Adam’s closed loop model
learning is forming and improving
perceptual trace via extrinsic
feedback (KR)
Adam’s: Verbal stage
First, extrinsic feedback to understand movement form–verbalization (self-talk) and knowledge formation
* Then, extrinsic feedback guides toward correct movement– associated intrinsic feedback is stored in perceptual trace – errors (or variability) degrade perceptual trace
Adam’s: motor stage
After repetitive practice, perceptual trace forms a
reference of correctness
–it can detect errors without extrinsic feedback
-subjective reinforcement: perceptual trace suffices for further learning
Adam’s: Memory trace
Initiates movement
Adam’s: perceptual trace
Serves as a reference for correctness based on past experiences.
Learning (overall)
refers to the relative permanent changes in behavior
acquired through practice (performance during practice is an
imperfect measure for learning)
Too much extrinsic feedback
- prevents active processing/storing
of intrinsic feedback (no reference of
correctness) - enhances practice performance, but depresses learning
Self-controlled feedback
performs best after retention explanation= better intrinsic feedback/ increased self-efficacy
Zimmerman’s model of self regulation
The degree that individuals are metacognitively, motivationally and behaviorally
active in their own learning
- Forethought phase
- Performance phase
- Self-reflection phase
Adam’s: weak points
- Limited to slow movements (cf. fast, ballistic, open-loop movements?)
- It predicts that making errors or variable movements are harmful for learning;
but is constant practice (drills) really superior? - Traces represent single movements: storage & novelty problem, and transfer?
Schmidt’s schema theory
A general rule for a class of movements. Consisting of:
- Generalized motor program (GMP)
- Recall and recognition schemes
Schmidt’s: recall schema
Movement production
Schmidt’s: recognition schema
Movement evaluation
Contextual Interference (CI)
refers to the learning effect caused by varying practice conditions, typically by introducing interference between tasks or skill variations during practice.
- High contextual interference occurs when multiple skills or variations are practiced in a random, unpredictable order. –> better retention
- Low contextual interference occurs when skills are practiced in a blocked, repetitive manner.
Challenge Point Framework
Optimal functional difficulty maximizes learning by introducing errors that provide new information.
