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Progress Tests > PNO > Flashcards

PNO Flashcards

1
Q

Second line mood stabliser

A

Sodium valproate

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2
Q

Medications in OCD

A

SSRI first line. Clomipramine second line

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3
Q

DMARDs in MS

A

Interferon beta and monoclonal antibodies

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4
Q

First line in Lambert-Eaton syndrome

A

Amifampridine

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5
Q

Miller Fisher syndrome symptoms

A

Ataxia, areflexia, ophthalmoplegia

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6
Q

Antibodies in Miller Fisher syndrome

A

Anti-GQ1b

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7
Q

Medications that may speed up recovery in GBS

A

IVIg, plasma exchange

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8
Q

Causes of mononeuritis multiplex

A

Vasculitis, infection, drugs, inflammation, ischaemia

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9
Q

Progressive bulbar palsy symptoms

A

Talking and swallowing most affected

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10
Q

Medications that can help in MND

A

riluzole, edaravone

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11
Q

What is Gowers sign?

A

Children stand up by walking themselves up due to weakness

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12
Q

Age of Beckers muscular dystrophy

A

Early adolescence

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13
Q

Inclusion body myositis demographic

A

Middle aged men

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14
Q

Age of fasciopalatohumeral dystrophy

A

Children

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15
Q

Age of oculopharyngeal dystrophy

A

Older adults

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16
Q

Age of limb girdle dystrophy

A

Adolescents

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17
Q

Inclusion body myositis treatment

A

Supportive

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18
Q

Sex induced headache prophylaxis

A

Triptan or indomethacin an hour before sex

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19
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia symptoms

A

The classic presentation is short lived episodes (seconds to minutes) of electric shock like pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Attacks are recurrent and often triggered by cold air or eating

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20
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia management

A

Carbamazepine first line. Lamotrigine or gabapentin second line. Decompressive surgery if not responding

21
Q

Venous sinus thrombosis symptoms

A

The main symptom is a sharp severe headache around the eyes associated with eye pain, redness and swelling and double vision. Other symptoms include fever, vomiting, seizures or confusion

22
Q

Venous sinus thrombosis management

A

IV abx and heparin (often continued for a few months)

23
Q

Carotid artery dissection symptoms

A

It can be asymptomatic or it can present with symptoms of a stroke, which is a common complication. Other common symptoms include tinnitus, Horner’s syndrome, headache or neck pain

24
Q

Risk factors for carotid artery dissection

A

Middle aged, connective tissue disease, vasculitis, atherosclerosis, trauma, HTN

25
Q

Carotid artery dissection management

A

Manage as stroke if there are stroke symptoms. Anticoagulation. Endovascular options

26
Q

Vestibular schwannoma symptoms

A

The main symptoms are hearing loss, tinnitus and balance problems. There may also be facial nerve palsy

27
Q

What is a nuclear cataract?

A

Inner lens affected. most common

28
Q

What is a cortical cataract?

A

Outer lens affected

29
Q

Procedure in cataracts

A

Phaecoemulsification

30
Q

Complications of cataract surgery

A

complications involve endophthalmitis and corneal / macular oedema or long term complications such as retinal detachment or posterior capsule opacification

31
Q

Vision loss in open angle glaucoma

A

Arc like scotoma either superiorly or inferiorly

32
Q

Fundoscopy in open angle glaucoma

A

Raised cup to disc ratio

33
Q

Investigation of glaucoma

A

tonometry to measure the intraocular pressure, which will be raised. Gonioscopy allows the anterior chamber and drainage system to be assessed

34
Q

First line in open angle glaucoma

A

Latanoprost eye drops

35
Q

Second line meds in open angle glaucoma

A

Other eye drops that can be added include beta blockers (e.g. timolol), a-agonists (e.g. iopidide), acetazolamide or miotics (e.g. pilocarpine).

36
Q

Surgical options in open angle glaucoma

A

Surgical options include trabeculoplasty to create a hole in the trabecular meshwork, ciliary body ablation to lower fluid production or trabeculectomy to create an extra drainage channel

37
Q

Medication options in angle closure glaucoma

A

Medical management is eye drops such as acetazolamide, beta blockers (e.g. timolol), sympathomimetics (e.g. brimonidine tartrate), or miotics (e.g. pilocarpine)

38
Q

Vitreous haemorrhage causes

A

The most common cause is diabetic retinopathy but other causes include posterior vitreous detachment and trauma

39
Q

Vitreous haemorrhage managment

A

Resolves spontaneously

40
Q

Condition to exclude in CRAO

A

GCA

41
Q

Anterior uveitis treatment

A

Steroids and dilating eye drops

42
Q

Cause of episcleritis

A

Autoimmune conditions

43
Q

Management of episcleritis

A

Conservative (resolves in a month)

44
Q

Scleritis treatment

A

Steroids, NSAIDs and dilating eye drops

45
Q

What is Siedel’s test?

A

Look for leakage of fluorescein from sclera to indicate perforation of eye

46
Q

Investigaton of corneal ulcer

A

Corneal scrape and PCR

47
Q

Optic neuritis treatment

A

is the same as a flare of MS with 5 days of oral methylprednisolone or 3-5 days of IV hydrocortisone

48
Q

Endophthalmitis investigation

A

Vitreal tap for culture

49
Q

Endophthalmitis treatment

A

Intravitreal abx

Progress Tests (17 decks)

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