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110 study stuff > PNS > Flashcards

PNS Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

conscious interpretation of the stimuli involved in sensation

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2
Q

Senstation

A

awareness of changes in external and internal env

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3
Q

what are the 3 levels of neural integration

A 
perceptual level (processing in cortical sensory centres)
circuit level (processing in ascending pathways)
receptor level (sensory reception and transmittion to CNS)
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4
Q

receptor level processing

A

-stimulus match receptor
-stimulus w/in receptive field
-transduction of stimulus to graded potential
+generator potential in general receptors
+receptor potential for special senses receptors
+reach threshold - AP

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5
Q

Adaptation @ receptor level

1) what level of processing
2) what is
3) what happens
4) phasic vs tonic receptors

A
  • receptor level of processing
    2) change in sensitivity to a stimuli due to constant stim
    3) receptor membranes become less respnsive
  • receptor potentials dec in freq or stop
    4) Phasic receptors (fast acting) send sig at begin or end of stim (P, touch, smell)
  • tonic receptors (adapt slow or not at all) - (nociceptors or proprioceptors)
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6
Q

processing at circuit level

A

pathways of 3 neurons send sensory information to appropriate cortical locations

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7
Q

Processing at perceptual level: perceptual detection

A

ability to detect a stimulus

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8
Q

Processing at perceptual level: Magnitude estimation

A

intensity encoded as frequency of impulses

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9
Q

Processing at perceptual level: spatial discrimination

A

ID site or pattern of stim

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10
Q

Processing at perceptual level: Feature abstraction

A

ID more complex aspects and stimulus properties (velvet)

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11
Q

Processing at perceptual level: quality discrimination

A

ID submodalitites of stimulus (sweet vs sour tastes)

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12
Q

Processing at perceptual level: pattern recog

A

recog familiar or sig patterns in stimulus

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13
Q

Perception of pain

-2 fibres and what release

A
  • thinly myelinated Adelta fibres release glutamate

- unmyelinated C fibres release glutamate and Substance P

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14
Q

Pain modulation (Gate contro theory)

A 
nonpainful inputs (alphaB) inhibit pain transmission (unmyelinated C)
\+activation of nonpainful touch receptor increases activation of inhibitory interneuron, dec pain sig going to brain
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15
Q

Descending pain control

A
  • pain impulses inhibited endogenous opioids (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
  • descending fibres from cortex and hypothalamus release inhibitory NTs that supress pain
  • NE and E release from periaqueductal grey matter
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16
Q

How treat pharntom limb pain

A

epidural anesthesia

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17
Q

Hyperalgesia

A
  • refers to pain amplication
    -caused by long lasting/intense pain
    -chronic pain and phantom limb pain
    +modulated NDMA receptors (allow spinal chord to learn excess pain) [why early pain mngmnet important]
18
Q

Visceral

1) how, feel, why visceral pain

A

1) stimulation of visceral organ receptors
+feel aching knawing or burning
+tissue stretch, ischemia, chems, muscle spasms

19
Q

Referred pain

A

pain coming from one body area perceived as coming from another

  • EX. body learn when spec spinal cord seg activate usually skin, when smthing below skin hurt body think skin.
  • why feel heart attack in arm
20
Q

Nerve fibres

A

nerves in PNS

21
Q

Can mature neurons divide

A

mature neurons are amitotic

22
Q

if the soma of a neuron is intact can it’s axon regrow

A

yes

23
Q

what is involved in axonal regrowth (soma intact)

A

Macrophages - clear debris
Schwann cells - tube to tell where axon go
axons - form new axons

24
Q

CNS fibre regeneration

A

INHIBITS CNS FIBRE REGEN
CNS oligodendrocytes bear growth-inhibiting proteins
astrocytes form scar tissue

25
Q

4 steps to nerve fibre regen

A

1) axon fragmented at injury site
2) macrophages clear out debris distal to axon
3) axon sprouts grow through regeneration tube formed by schwann cells
4) Axon regenerates and myelin sheath forms

26
Q

how many pairs of mixed spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

27
Q

spinal nerves

A 
Cervical Nerves: C1-C8
Thoracic nerves: T1-T12
Lumbar nerves: L1-L5
Sacral nerves: S1-S5
Coccygeal nerves Co1
28
Q

Dermatome

A
  • area of skin innervated innervated by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
  • most overlap
  • used to det spinal cord dmg
29
Q

what spinal nerve dosent innervate skin (no dermatome)

A

C1

30
Q

Innervation of joints: hiltons law

A

any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint

31
Q

Spinal nerve roots

A

cord -> rootlets -> root - >spinal nerve -> rami

32
Q

Each spinal nerve branches into how many rami

A

4 mixed rami

33
Q

what are the 4 mixed rami of a spinal nerve

A

1) meningeal branch: to spinal meninges and BVs
2) Dorsal ramus: posterior to the body trunk
3) ventral ramus form plexuses except in T2-T12
+T2 to T12 act as intercostal nerves to muscles the ribs, anterolaterla thorax, abdomen
4) Rami communicantes: autonomic pathways (join to ventral rami in thoracic region)

34
Q

why ventral rami -> plexus

A

Fibres from various ventral rami crisscross
+each resulting branch has fibres from several spinal nerves
+fibres from ea ventral ramus travel to the target by different routes

RESULT: each muscle has nerve supply from more than one spinal nerve

BENEFIT: DMG one spinal segment/root wont cause complete paralysis of any limb or muscle

REDUNDANCY

35
Q

damage above c345

A

info no flow, dmg to C1 C2 lethal (diaphragm no work)

36
Q

dmg to c345

A

able breathe, not move

-c345 keeps diaphragm alive through phrenic nerve in cervicle plexus

37
Q

cervicle plexus

A

innervates skin and muscles of the ear, neck, back of head, and shoulder

38
Q

What forms the brachial plexus

A

ventral rami C5-C8 + T1

-gives rise to nerves that innervate upper limb and pectoral girdle

39
Q

lumbar plexus

A

thigh, abdominal wall, psoas muscles

  • obturator nerve - through obturator foramento innervate adductor muscles
  • Femoral nerve - innervates anterior thigh muscles and skin of the medial/anterior thigh and medial leg
40
Q

Sacral plexus

A

buttocks, pelvic structures, perineum
-pudenal nerve - skin and muscles of the perineum
-sciatic nerve - longest thickest nerve of body,
+Innervates hamstrings, adductor magnus, & most muscles in leg & foot
+Composed of tibial & common fibular nerves

41
Q

Muscle spindles

A

3-10 short intrafusal muscle fibres in a CT capsule

intrafusal muscle fibres are non contractile in central regions (no myofiliments)

110 study stuff (8 decks)

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