points to learn Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
incidence
A
the number of people who catch a specific disease in a year - gives risk of catching the disease
2
Q
prevalence
A
number of poeple that currently have a specific disease in that year - shows how widespread the disease is
3
Q
fibrous joints
A
- syndesmosis - unites bone with fibrous sheets eg interossseuous membrane between radius and ulna
- sutures - eg coronal suture
4
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
- synchrondroses - bones joined by hyaline cartilage eg long bone epiphyseal growth plate
- secondary - strong, can move slightly and are joined by fibrocartilage eg intervertebral discs
5
Q
quatenery structure of protein
A
spatial arrangement and non protein groups
6
Q
apo enzyme
A
no co factor
7
Q
halo enzymes
A
with a cofactor
8
Q
allosteric
A
binds to substance other than the active site and changes enzymes affinity for the substrate
9
Q
exorgenic
A
happens spontaneously
10
Q
DNA polymerase
A
adds frr base onto 3’ endof leading strand
11
Q
DNA ligase
A
joins okazaki fragments
12
Q
where is the C cap?
A
5’ end
13
Q
where is the poly A tail?
A
3’ end
14
Q
how are amino acids bound to tRNA?
A
by aminacyl-tRN synthetases
15
Q
what is PDCD
A
exmaple of stage 2 metabolic disorder
16
Q
posterior hypothalamus
A
cold
17
Q
what controls glucose in starvation
A
cortisol and growth hormone
18
Q
what controls glucose in emergencies
A
adrenaline
19
Q
alpha cells in pancreas
A
glucagon
20
Q
beta cells in pancreas
A
insulin
21
Q
delta cells in pancreas
A
somatostatin
22
Q
schwann cells loaction
A
PNS
23
Q
epiheurium cell location
A
PNS
24
Q
meniges loaction
A
CNS
25
what is the muscularis externae made up of
2 thick smooth layers, inner circular + outer longitudinal serosal adventitia
26
where is the ENT
ganglia between 2 muscle layers that make up the muscuaris externae
27
glandular epithelium
adenoma
28
squamous epithelium
papilloma / squamous cell carcinoma
29
colliquiative necrosis
brain necrosis
30
coagulative
MI
31
fibrinoid
malignant hypertension
32
what releases interferon gamma
NKC
33
example of type 2 hypersensitivity
direct cell killing, IgG and IgM mediated eg immune haemolytic anaemia, good pastures syndrome, blood transfusion
34
pseudomonas treatment
ciprofloaxin
35
panton valentine leucocidin
a cytotoxin assoc wih highly virculent strains of staph aureus (MRSA) that causes necrolytic skin infection
36
gram positive
thick peptiglycodan wall, purple
37
where does fertilation take place
ampulla of uterine tube
38
what is the infudinbulum
broad end of uterine tube that receievs the oocyte at ovulation
39
what is the isthmus
where the uterine tube narrows to enter the uterus
40
where is spermatozoa produced
in the seminiferois tubules
41
what is the route of sperm
seminifeous tubules - rete testis - epididymis - vas deferens - through prostate - urethra
42
orange bin
infectious waste
43
purple bin
cytotoxic waste
44
location of ogliodendrocytes
produce myelinated cells in the CNS
45
what do astrocytes do
homeostasis and maintain BBB
46
M1
Gq - stimulates phospholipase C - increased stomach acid secretion
47
M2
Gi - inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, opening of K+ channels, decreased HR
48
M3
Gq - stimulation of phospholipase C - increased saliav secretion and bronchoconstriction
49
B1
Gs - stimulation of adenylyl cyclas - increased HR and force
50
B2
Gs - stimulation of adenylyl cyclase - relaxation of bronchial and vascular smooth muscle
51
A1
Gq - stimulation of phospholipase C - cntraction of vascular smooth muscle
52
A2
Gi - inhibition of adenylyl cyclase - inhbition of Na release
53
amphetamine
U1
54
therapeutic ratio
MTC / MEC
55
phase 1 of drug metabolisation
polarisation - CYP450 - drugs are made more polar so they arent reabosrped in the renal tubules
56
phase 2 of drug metabolisation
oxidation, reduction, methylation, hydrolysis, CONJUGATION
57
first order kinetics
drug eliminated proortionally to its conc
58
zero order kinetics
drug elimineded at constant rate
59
why is resting membrane potential closer to that of K+ (-90)
skeletal muscle is more permeablet to . K than NA
60
NA potential
+60
61
absolute RP
nothing can ilicit a response
62
refractory RP
strong simulus can ilicit a response
63
where is keratin produced in the GI tract
hard palate and gingivae
64
what are the retroperitoneal organs
kidneys, pancreas, ascending and descening colon, caeucm
65
what makes the hepatic portal vein
splenic vein + SMV
66
what tongue papillae controls touch and temp
filiform
67
what goes the through the foramen magnum in the occipital brain
spinal cord which becomes brain stem
68
important dermatomes
nipple - T4
umbilicus T10
groin - T12/L1
69
white matter
mylinated
70
grey matter
not mylinated and nerves, not axons
71
grey and white matter in brain/ spinal cord
spinal cord - grey inner, white outer
| brain stem - white inner grey outer
72
where is brachial plexus
C5-T1
73
where is sacral plexus
L5-S4
74
where is lumbar pleuxs
L1-L4
75
where is cervical pleuxus and what does it supply
C1-C4
| supplied muscle and skin of neck and diaphragm
76
anabolic reactions are...
endergonic and reductive
77
catabolic reactions are...
exergonic and oxidative
78
overall glycolysis equation
glucose + 2APD + Pi + 2NAD = 2pyruvate + 4ATP +2H20 +2NAD + 2H+
79
henderson hassel balch equation
pH - pKA = A-/AH
80
what is oxidative phosphorylation
NaD+ regerneration
81
how many stages of the TCA cycle
8
82
overall pathway of glucose
glucose - fructose16bisphosphate (by hexokinase and phosphofructokinase) - 2 triose phosphate - 2pyruvate
83
pathway of accute inflammaoin
1. vasodilation due to histmaine
2. WC migration
3. WC bind to VCAM and CAM on blood vessels
4. diapedesis (WC squeezing thoguth holes in blood vesslels)
5. WC move to site of inflammtion via hcemotaxis
6. phagocytes absorb and kill pathogens
84
plasma
catn get across capillaries eg heparin
85
interstitial fluid
can get passed cappilaries but not into cell walls eg amoxicillin
86
all fluid
small and lipphilic eg ethanol
87
where shouldSSC be between
MTC and MEC
88
example of negative feedback
chemical and peripheral thermoreceptros
89
robertsonian
eg downs
| 2 chromosomes that break off and join each other forming 3 chromoosmes
90
reciprocal
part of 2 chromosomes swap
91
epithelal role and where its from
covers
endoderm
92
connective role and whre its from
supports
| mesoderm
93
muscle role and where its from
moves
| mesoderm
94
nervous role and where its from
connect
| endoderm
95
what colour do eosinophils stain
purple
