POLITICAL DIVISIONS:LONG PARLIAMENT,PYM AND 1 CIVIL WAR

Question 1

• WHEN WAS THE LONG PARLIAMENT CALLED?

Answer 1

-CALLED IN 1640 AND NOT FORMALLY DISSOLVED UNTIL 166O

Question 2

WHAT ATTEMPTS WERE MADE TO SETTLE CONFLICTS WITH THE CROWN?

Answer 2

-BEDFORDS PROPOSED FINANCIAL SETTLEMENT
- THE EARL OF BEDFORD TRIED TO REFORM CROWN FINANCES BY BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN CHARLES AND PARLIAMENT
-BEDFORD AND HIS ALLIES, INCLUDING PYM, PROPOSED A COMPROMISE WITHOUT ANY FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE TO THE POLITICAL SYSTEM, THIS INVOLVED:
* A RETURN TO AN ELIZABETHAN BASED PROTESTANT CHURCH
* THE ABOLITION OF THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL FINANCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF PERSONAL RULE
* A SEPERATE FINANCIAL SETTLEMENT FOR CHARLES

Question 3

WHY WERE THERE ISSUES OVER WENTWORTH AND LAUD?

Answer 3

-WENTORTH WAS REGARDED BY MANY IN PARLIAMENT AS SOMEONE WITH THE POTENTIAL TO TURN CHARLES ABSOLUTIST

Question 4

WHAT WAS WENTWORTHS RELATIONSHIP WITH CHARLES LIKE?

Answer 4

-WENTWORTH WAS LOYAL TO CHARLES AND HAD SHOWN THAT HE WAS ABLE TO HANDLE IN IRELAND
-SUPPORTED CHARLES”DESIRE TO GO TO WAR WITH THE SCOTS WHILST PARLIAMENT DIDNT

Question 5

-WHEN AND WHY WAS WENTWORTH IMPEACHED?

Answer 5

-1640
- HE WAS IMPEACHED FOR ATTEMPTING TOP BRING THE IRISH ARMY TO ENGLAND TO HELP CHARLES CONTROL THE COUNTRY
-PARLIAMENT HOPED THAT WITHOUT WENTWORTH CHARLES WOULD SEE THE NEED TO REFORM AND RULE WITH PARLIAMENT
-RATHER THAN CHANGING THE WHOLE SYSTEM, THE REMOVAL OF WENTWORTH WOULD ALLOW FOR HIM TO BE REPLACED BY MEN LIKE PYM
- WENTWORTHS TRIAL BEFORE PARLIAMENT STARTED IN 1641

Question 6

WHAT WAS THE 1641 BILL OF ATAINDER AND HOW DID IT LINK TO WENTWORTH?

Answer 6

-PYM WAS ONE OF THE LEADING FIGURES IN PROSECUTING WENTWORTH,BUTY WENTWORTH SKILLFULLY DEFENDING HIMSELF AND IT WAS DECIDED TO PROCEED AGAINST HIM WITH A BILL OF ATAINDER
-SOME PARLIAMENTARIANS FULLY SUPPORTED THE BILL BUT SOME WERE MORE CAUTIOUS
-CHARLES INCREASED TENSIONS WHEN HE ORDERED ALL OFFICERS TO RETURN TO THE ENGLISH ARMY IN THE NORTH AS THIS CAUSED SUSPICION THAT CHARLES WAS GOING TO SEND OFFICERS TO RELEASE WENTWORTH AND DISSOLVE PARLIAMENT
-TO BECOME AQN ACT, THE BILL OF ATTAINDER NEEDED CHARLES STAMP OF APPROVAL , UNDER PRESSURE FROM THE RED ARMY PLOT,THE PROTESTATION OATH AND FEARING FOR HIS FAMILY’S SAFETY, CHARLEES APPROVED IT AND WENTWORTH WAS EXECUTED

Question 7

WHY WAS OPPOSITION GROWING OUTSIDE PARLIAMENT?

Answer 7

-THE ‘LONDON CROWD’ OR ‘MOB’ WAS A NAME GIVEN TO LONDENERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN POLITICS AND SUPPORTED PARLIAMENTARY CAUSES
-MP’S WERE AWARE OF THE POTENTIAL TO MOBILISE THE LONDON CROWDS SUPPORT FOR THEIR CAMPAIGNS
-RADICAL MP’S LIKE PYM USED THE LONDON CROWD TO PUT PRESSURE ON THE LORDS TO EXCLUDE THE BISHOPS

Question 8

-HOW DID PYM EMERGE AS A LEADER?

Answer 8

-PYM EMER

Question 9

Who emerged as the leading figure in the Commons in 1640?

Answer 9

John Pym

Question 10

What was John Pym regarded as in relation to Charles I?

Answer 10

A chief opponent

Question 11

What were John Pym’s main aims?

Answer 11

• The removal and punishment of Charles I’s ‘evil councillors’
• A political settlement without the threat of being overturned by Charles
• Removal of the threat of Catholic popery and establishment of a strong Protestantism

Question 12

What did John Stephen Morrill call Pym’s obsession?

Answer 12

‘True religion’

Question 13

How were Pym’s goals linked according to Morrill?

Answer 13

Establishing true religion would remove the threat of popery and other threats to Parliament

Question 14

What were Charles I’s policies in the 1630s interpreted as?

Answer 14

A dual policy of establishing Catholicism and absolutism

Question 15

What did Pym believe would strengthen England politically?

Answer 15

Removing the abuses of the Personal Rule and restoring a truly Protestant Church

Question 16

What was Pym’s initial political agenda?

Answer 16

To achieve adequate funding of royal government from ‘within’ and to unify the Political Nation

Question 17

What caused Pym to become more radical during the Long Parliament?

Answer 17

Charles continued to threaten to use force and heightened religious and political tension created by the Irish Rebellion

Question 18

True or False: Pym’s agenda was radical from the beginning.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

What were Pym’s chief methods for achieving his aims during Long Parliament?

Answer 19

Pym’s chief methods included the impeachment of Wentworth and Laud, forming an alliance with the Scottish Covenanters, and supporting Bedford’s ‘bridge appointments’ scheme.

Question 20

How did Pym use financial pressures to control Charles’s political options?

Answer 20

Pym used parliamentary financial pressures by giving Charles income from tonnage and poundage only on a two-monthly basis.

Question 21

What key prerogative powers did Parliament transfer to itself?

Answer 21

Parliament transferred some key prerogative powers of the Crown to itself.

Question 22

How was Pym perceived by contemporaries?

Answer 22

Pym was seen as a symbol of how Parliament became a greater threat to moderates than Charles in 1641.

Question 23

What was the reaction of moderates to Pym’s stance in Parliament?

Answer 23

Moderates reacted to Pym’s stance, leading to the development of constitutional royalism and the formation of a royalist party.

Question 24

What significant event did Pym’s actions contribute to?

Answer 24

Pym’s actions contributed to the two divisions leading to the English civil war.

Question 25

What method did Pym use to steer Parliament towards settlement?

Answer 25

Pym used parliamentary committees to steer Parliament towards settlement.

Question 26

What was the Root and Branch Petition?

Answer 26

A petition demanding the end of bishops and episcopacy ## Footnote Signed by 15,000 Londoners in December 1640

Question 27

How many Londoners signed the Root and Branch Petition?

Answer 27

15,000 ## Footnote The petition was signed in December 1640

Question 28

What was the main demand of the Root and Branch Petition?

Answer 28

The end of bishops and episcopacy ## Footnote Bishops governed the Church

Question 29

Which religious movement was behind the Root and Branch Petition?

Answer 29

Puritanism ## Footnote Puritanism sought to reform the Church of England

Question 30

Fill in the blank: The Root and Branch Petition was signed in _______.

Answer 30

December 1640

Question 31

What was debated in Parliament in February 1641?

Answer 31

The Petition ## Footnote The Petition caused division among members of Parliament.

Question 32

Who was seen as one of the chief supporters of the Petition?

Answer 32

Pym ## Footnote Pym did not aim to destroy the Church.

Question 33

What did Pym seek to establish in place of bishops?

Answer 33

A system of lay patronage ## Footnote This aimed to allow locals more control of their church.

Question 34

What was the goal of replacing Laudianism according to Pym's supporters?

Answer 34

To revert to a moderate Protestant Church of England ## Footnote This was significant because the Arminians or Laudians were a minority supported by the king.

Question 35

What happened to Laud during the impeachment process?

Answer 35

He was impeached in 1640-41 but not executed until 1645 ## Footnote This indicates the complexities of political and religious tensions at the time.

Question 36

How did many view the dismantling of the Church structure?

Answer 36

As undermining the whole order of society ## Footnote This sentiment was shared by moderate Protestants like Hyde.

Question 37

Who became a supporter of Charles I as the symbol of the Church?

Answer 37

Hyde ## Footnote Hyde was essentially a moderate Protestant.

Question 38

What significant claim did Smith make about the Petition debate?

Answer 38

It accurately prefigured subsequent political allegiance ## Footnote This highlights the long-term implications of the debate.

Question 39

What did the Commons agree on regarding bishops?

Answer 39

That their secular powers should be curtailed ## Footnote This led to the drafting of an exclusion bill.

Question 40

What was the outcome of the exclusion bill sent to the Lords in March 1641?

Answer 40

It was rejected on 8 June 1641 ## Footnote This rejection indicates the ongoing conflict between the Houses.

Question 41

What did the Triennial Act abolish?

Answer 41

Ship money without parliamentary consent ## Footnote Ship money was a form of taxation used by the monarchy.

Question 42

When was the Triennial Act passed?

Answer 42

15 February 1641 ## Footnote This date marks a significant change in the relationship between the monarchy and Parliament.

Question 43

How often did the Triennial Act require the king to call a parliament?

Answer 43

Every three years ## Footnote This was aimed at preventing long periods without parliamentary governance.

Question 44

What was the minimum duration for which Parliament should last according to the Triennial Act?

Answer 44

50 days ## Footnote This ensured that Parliament would have adequate time to conduct its business.

Question 45

What would happen if the king failed to call Parliament as required by the Triennial Act?

Answer 45

The Lord Chancellor would automatically call Parliament ## Footnote This provision reduced the king's ability to avoid parliamentary meetings.

Question 46

What did the Triennial Act prevent?

Answer 46

Another period of prolonged Personal Rule ## Footnote Personal Rule refers to the time when the king governed without Parliament.

Question 47

What was a significant outcome of the divisions in Parliament after Bedford's death?

Answer 47

The formation of a royalist party ## Footnote This division ultimately contributed to the English Civil War in 1642.

Question 48

What were the three main reasons for the divisions in Parliament?

Answer 48

* Preventing Personal Rule * Bill of Attainder * Religion

Question 49

What did MPs generally agree on after Bedford's death?

Answer 49

They did not want Personal Rule to happen again ## Footnote Disagreements arose on how to prevent it or what to replace it with.

Question 50

What was the concern regarding the Bill of Attainder?

Answer 50

Some MPs saw its use to remove Wentworth as constitutionally dangerous

Question 51

What religious issues contributed to the divisions in Parliament?

Answer 51

The role of bishops ## Footnote Disagreements on religious matters heightened tensions among MPs.

Question 52

What label has been given to the moderates' reaction from 1640 to 1642?

Answer 52

Constitutional royalism

Question 53

Who did moderates perceive as a greater threat than Charles I?

Answer 53

Radicals such as Pym

Question 54

What was the moderates' belief about the concept of monarchy?

Answer 54

It was seen as the best protection for a moderate Protestant Church, law, order, and influence

Question 55

Fill in the blank: The breakdown of unity in Parliament began with the use of the _______ to remove Wentworth.

Answer 55

Bill of Attainder

Question 56

True or False: The divisions in Parliament were solely based on political disagreements.

Answer 56

False ## Footnote Religious issues also played a significant role in the divisions.

Question 57

What were the Ten Propositions?

Answer 57

The Ten Propositions were a document from June 24, 1641, asserting that the king needed to make concessions to Parliament.

Question 58

What concessions did the Ten Propositions demand from the king?

Answer 58

The concessions included parliamentary input into the Privy Council, control over those around the queen, and control over religious education for royal children.

Question 59

What was the reaction in Scotland to the Ten Propositions?

Answer 59

Many in Scotland felt that radicals in the Covenanting alliance had gone too far too fast.

Question 60

What was the Cumbernauld Band?

Answer 60

The Cumbernauld Band was a declaration signed in August 1640 by the Earl of Montrose and 17 other Scottish nobles to defend the king.

Question 61

What did Charles hope to achieve by agreeing to Scottish reforms?

Answer 61

Charles hoped that an agreement with leading Scots would remove the occupying Scottish army, which supported his Long Parliament opponents.

Question 62

What significant action did Charles take in August 1641?

Answer 62

Charles left for Scotland in August 1641.

Question 63

What was the response of the English House of Commons to Charles's actions?

Answer 63

Some members distrusted Charles and organized a Committee of Defence to send commissioners to monitor him in Scotland.

Question 64

Who was one of the commissioners sent to watch Charles in Scotland?

Answer 64

One of the commissioners sent was Hampden.

Question 65

What was the effect of the distrust in Charles on Parliament?

Answer 65

The distrust fueled growing division within Parliament.

Question 66

What was the 'Incident' in October 1641?

Answer 66

A royalist plot to kidnap radical Scottish Covenanters.

Question 67

Who were the instigators of the 'Incident'?

Answer 67

* More extreme royalists (such as the Earl of Crawford) * Moderate Covenanters (such as Montrose)

Question 68

What was the goal of the instigators in the 'Incident'?

Answer 68

To be rid of leading radical Covenanter leaders such as Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll.

Question 69

How did the 'Incident' affect Charles' support in Scotland?

Answer 69

It destroyed his hopes of gaining further support in Scotland.

Question 70

What event linked Charles to the 'Incident'?

Answer 70

His attendance at the Parliament in Edinburgh on 12 October, accompanied by an armed force.

Question 71

What was the consequence for Charles when he left Scotland in November 1641?

Answer 71

He no longer had any support from the Scots.

Question 72

What did Charles have to do after losing support from the Scots?

Answer 72

He was forced to appoint his opponents to key posts in the English Parliament.

Question 73

What major news broke at the same time as the 'Incident'?

Answer 73

The news of the Irish Rebellion.