pollination

Question 1

archaeanthus

Answer 1

first fossilized flower consisting of many pistils; cone scale folded over the seed protecting it, leading to the development of angiosperms

Question 2

archaefructus

Answer 2

first fossilized fruit

Question 3

pollinators

Answer 3

essential for reproduction of 80% of flowering plants, and 2/3 of crop species

Question 4

mutualism of pollination

Answer 4

animals eat nectar and or pollen and plants get to reproduce

Question 5

animal pollination

Answer 5

more reliable + accurate than wind or water
risk of damage to plant tissue, energetic costs of attraction, loss of pollen to some species, risk of seed predators or lack of pollinators

Question 6

seed predators

Answer 6

lay eggs in plant ovaries and upon hatching eat pollinated seeds

Question 7

pollination syndromes

Answer 7

suites of similar floral traits in unrelated plants to attract similar pollinators

Question 8

wind pollination syndrome

Answer 8

small simple flowers and green plants, flowers have separate sexes, lack nectar and fragrance, male plants angle down, female plants have feathery stigmas

Question 9

bird pollination syndrome

Answer 9

typically red flowers, high nectar volumes, elongated and tubular flowers accommodate beaks, reproductive organs stick out, lack scent

Question 10

bee pollination syndrome

Answer 10

wide variety of flower types, wider surface area for landing, UV colors and patterns, strong fragrance, bright colors, nectar guides

Question 11

nectar guides

Answer 11

patterns leading to the inside of the flower

Question 12

buzz pollination

Answer 12

anthers only open at a single pore at the tip for bumble bees to grab the anther and vibrate wings at a specific frequency causing pollen to shake out

Question 13

butterfly pollination syndrome

Answer 13

densely clustered flowers, small openings with inserted reproductive organs, narrower flower tubes, bright colors, scented flowers

Question 14

moth pollination syndrome

Answer 14

white, narrow, tubular flowers, very strong fragrance in the evening

Question 15

fly/carrion beetle syndrome

Answer 15

extremely large red or orange flowers with strong rotten scent, patterns mimic meat, provide no benefit to animal

Question 16

generalists

Answer 16

plants appealing to multiple types of pollinators

Question 17

sexual deception

Answer 17

flowers have evolved to mimic species females, tricking males into mating with the flower covering them in pollen, some release pharamones

Question 18

reward less flowers

Answer 18

produce no nectar and inedible pollen tricking pollinators

Question 19

reproductive assurance

Answer 19

reproduction in the absence of mates or pollinators

Question 20

autonomous selfing

Answer 20

the ability to pollinate oneself with no pollinator if needed

Question 21

apomixis

Answer 21

asexual seed production; eggs produce clones of the parent

Question 22

vegetative propogation

Answer 22

asexual reproduction where the plant creates a new clone stem off the parent that can live independently if separated

Question 22

obligately autonomous flowers

Answer 22

flowers that must self pollinate using cleistogamous flowers

Question 23

cleistogamous flowers

Answer 23

buds that never open, typically have normal flowers

Question 24

genets

Answer 24

genetically distinct individuals capable of propagation

Question 25

ramets

Answer 25

individuals that are genetically the same as others also capable of propagation