secondary growth

Question 1

secondary growth

Answer 1

growth in diameter producing wood which provides structural support, protection from the external enviro, allows for taller growth, and adds more xylem to support more leaves

Question 2

vascular cambium in shoots

Answer 2

a ring between the xylem and phloem that gives rise to secondary tissue, can divide vertically to create more cambium or horizontally to create either xylem or phloem

Question 3

ground tissue in wood

Answer 3

crushed by lignified secondary xylem as it builds up, ground tissue is not replaced

Question 4

annual rings

Answer 4

the secondary xylem formed in a single year marked by when xylem shrinks in late wood in preparation to stop growth for the winter; often not visible in rainforest trees due to constant water availability

Question 5

early wood

Answer 5

produced in spring, cells are bigger due to increased water availability and the growing leaves lose more water

Question 6

late wood

Answer 6

produced in fall

Question 7

dendrochronology

Answer 7

science of dating events in earths history using tree rings, can tell us the climate of certain years or shows fire scars

Question 8

bristlecone pines

Answer 8

longest living organism on the planet was one named Prometheus who was 4862

Question 9

cork cambium in shoots

Answer 9

originally derived from the outermost layer of the cortex, divides vertically for girth and horizontally for growth, creates living phelloderm on the inside and dead cork cells on the outside

Question 10

periderm

Answer 10

the cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm together, replaces the epidermis

Question 11

bark

Answer 11

periderm and the secondary phloem, can be sloughed off and replaced

Question 12

cork oak

Answer 12

tree that produces thick layers of cork which is harvested to make commercial cork without hurting the trees

Question 13

pros of natural cork

Answer 13

maintains the important cork oak forest habitat, wine can be stored longer, harvesting provides jobs, more sustainable than plastic alternatives

Question 14

cons of natural cork

Answer 14

cork taint can alter flavor of the wine from a bacteria, more expensive

Question 15

lenticels

Answer 15

openings in the cork cells to allow for gas exchange

Question 16

xylem rays

Answer 16

made of parenchyma cells radiating from the center to the bark, originate from regions between vascular bundles, shuttle substances horizontally between xylem and phloem

Question 17

girdling

Answer 17

a method of killing resilient trees by removing the bark and vascular cambium in a ring to cut off the flow of sugars up and down the tree

Question 18

vascular cambium in roots

Answer 18

arises between xylem and phloem in pockets, parenchyma cells in-between must differentiate to create a ring; division is the same as in shoots

Question 19

cork cambium in roots

Answer 19

arises from the pericycle with division the same as in shoots, after years of secondary growth the epidermis, cortex, and endodermis are gone and the root no longer absorbs water

Question 20

sapwood

Answer 20

outer secondary xylem made of live and dead cells which are metabolically active transporting water and minerals

Question 21

heartwood

Answer 21

pith, primary and secondary xylem all dead with no transport, filled with resin

Question 22

monocot secondary growth

Answer 22

have secondary thickening meristems below the apical meristem, no rings or rays, dotted with vascular bundles throughout