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A Level Chemistry > Polymers of Life > Flashcards

Polymers of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

amino acids contain….

A

basic amino group and carboxylic group

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2
Q

amino acids can exist as….

A

zwitter ions

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3
Q

a zwitter ion is….

A

a molecule that is overall neutral that has a positive a negative charge in different parts

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4
Q

describe primary protein structure

A

the sequence of amino acids that make the chain

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5
Q

describe secondary protein structure

A

hydrogen bonds form alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

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6
Q

describe tertiary structure of amino acids

A

extra bonds form giving it its three dimensional shape

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7
Q

what bonds are formed when a protein becomes tertiary?

A

ID-ID
ionic interactions
H bonds
disulphide bridges

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8
Q

DNA is made of _______ that contain a ______ , ____ and ____

A

nucleotides
deoxyribose sugar
phosphate
base

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9
Q

nucleotides join together to make…

A

a sugar-phosphate backbone

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10
Q

RNA doesn’t have the base _____ instead it has _____

A

thymine
uracil

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11
Q

the sugar-phosphate backbone is formed by….

A

a condensation reaction

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12
Q

adenine and thymine form ___ H bonds

A

2

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13
Q

guanine and cytosine form _ H bonds

A

3

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14
Q

DNA replicates via…

A

semi conservative replication

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15
Q

DNA _____ joins nucleotides together to form ____ ____

A

polymerase
new chains

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16
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

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17
Q

DNA codes for specific ____ ____ with sequences of ____

A

amino acids
triplets

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18
Q

what happens in transcription

A
  1. DNA unwinds to make 2 strands
  2. DNA base attracts free RNA nucleotides with complementary bases
  3. RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides to each other forming mRNA
  4. DNA coils back up
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19
Q

translation makes….

A

proteins

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20
Q

enzymes are….

A

biological catalysts

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21
Q

enzymes are highly…

A

specific

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22
Q

substrate is held in active site by __ bonds and ____ bonds between the _____ and _ ____ of the enzyme

A

H
ID - ID
substrate
R group

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23
Q

competive inhibition is…

A

when an inhibitor occupies the active site as it has a similar shape to the enzyme to the enzyme cannot form an enzyme substrate complex

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24
Q

enzyme catalysed reactions work faster until…

A

All enzyme active sites are being involved in the reaction so no more active sites are open for an enzyme to attach. So rate reaches its maximum

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25
medicines contain…
pharmacores
26
the fit of a pharmacore into a receptor depends on…
1. size and shape 2. bond formation 3. orientation
27
modifying pharmacores changes the
pharmalogical activity
28
optical isomers are…
mirror images of each other
29
a chiral carbon is…
One that has four different groups attached to it
30
chirals can rotate..
plane-polarised light
31
can molecules have more than one chiral centre?
yes
32
amines are…
organic derivatives of ammonia
33
do amines have a lone pair of electrons?
yes
34
amines lone pair of electrons mean it acts as a….
base
35
amines lone pair of electrons means it can….
form covalent bonds
36
amides are…
carboxylic acid derivatives
37
amides can be hydrolysed under…
acidic conditions
38
aldehydes and ketones have to functional group of
C=O
39
in aldehydes the C=O is found..
on the end of the molecule
40
in ketones the C=O is found…
in the middle of the molecule
41
acid anhydrides functional group is…
- COOCO -
42
phenols structure includes….
a benzene ring with a -OH attached
43
diols contain…
2 -OH groups
44
acyl chlorides are….
Derivatives of carboxylic acid
45
are carboxylic acids weak or strong?
weak
46
the functional group in an ester is…
-COO
47
esters can be hydrolysed to form..,
alcohols
48
carboxylic acids have a functional group of…
- COOH
49
di-carboxylic acids have…
2 -COOH grouos
50
addition polymers are formed from…
alkenes
51
what kind of polymer are polyesters and polyamides?
condensation
52
polyamides are made from…
di-carboxylic acid and diamine monomers
53
amide links form in___
polyamides
54
amide links can be broken by….
hydrolysis
55
polyesters are made from…
di-carboxylic acid and diol monomers
56
what link is formed in a polyester?
ester link
57
are addition polymers reactive?
no
58
nylons are a type of…
polyamide
59
some nylons are made from ___ types of ___
2 polymer
60
some nylons are made from _ type ____
1 monomer
61
what does the x stand for in… nylon - x
the number of carbons in the monomer
62
what type of monomer can react with itself to make a nylon?
one that contains a carboxylic acid and amine
63
what is the m+1 in peak in mass spec caused by?
carbon - 13
64
carbon-13 NMR tells you…
no. of carbon environments types of carbon environments
65
proton NMR tells you..
the no. of hydrogen atoms and the environments the H’s are in
66
nuclei abosribs differnt amounts of energy due to…
differences in amount of shielding of electrons
67
the number of peaks in carbon-13 NMR =
the no. of different carbon environments
68
each peak in proton NMR represents..
a different hydrogen environment
69
in proton NMR the area under the peak tells you…
the no. of hydrogens in the environment
70
in proton NMR if a peak splits into a triplet…
there’s two hydrogens on the neighbouring carbon
71
in proton NMR if a peak splits into a doublet…
there’s one hydrogen on the neighbouring carbon
72
in proton NMR if a peak splits into a quartet…
there is three hydrogens on the neighbouring carbon
73
where does transcription occur?
cell nucleus
74
when a carboxylic acid is added to alcohol describe the steps needed to purify the ester. (5)
1. warm alcohol until hot 2. add minimum volume possible of alcohol for the ester to dissolve 3. filter when hot and leave to cool 4. collect crystals by filtering under reduced pressure 5. wash them with cold solvent and dry
75
name the part of a molecule that binds to a receptor cell in the body
pharamacore
76
what is the test for aldehydes?
warm with Fehling's solution blue goes to orange or Tollens silver mirror
77
explain the significance of the dashed line and wedge in a drawing of a molecule 1 mark
dashed line is a bond going behind the plane of paper wedge is a bond going in front of a plane of paper
78
explain how a student can purify the solid by recrystallisation 3 marks
1. dissolve the solid in minimum volumes of warm solvent 2. filter to remove insoluble impurities 3. cool and collect purer solid by filtration

A Level Chemistry (12 decks)

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