Population Flashcards
1
Q
Explain factors which influence fertility rates?
A
Demographic - infant mortality rate + breed to compensate
Cultural - tradition, literacy, female education, religion
Economic - children (asset/burden), financial incentives pop policy, female employment
Political - population policy (pro nationalist or anti nationalist), female empowerment
2
Q
Define death rate?
A
Number of deaths per 1000 per year
3
Q
Why is it easy for governments to decrease death rate?
A
INVESTMENT:
Sanitation
Water supply
Healthcare
4
Q
Why is it hard for governments to decrease the birth rate?
A
INDIRECT WORK TO INFLUENCE:
People’s choices
People’s values
people’s attitudes to family size
5
Q
Explain why countries may want to increase the fertility rate?
A
Population decrease (TFR below replacement level)
Concerns about the need to support ageing population
Lack of labour (inability to fill jobs) need for more economically active people
Concerns about immigration and national identity
6
Q
Define carrying capacity?
A
Largest number of people That can be supported
By the resources of a given environment
7
Q
State the physical cause of food shortages?
A
Drought
Flood
Pests
Soil exhaustion
8
Q
State the social/cultural cause of food shortages?
A
Rapid population increase
Low farming skills
9
Q
State the economic cause of food shortages?
A
Lack of investment
Indebtedness
Cash crops (cash for export instead of food)
Transport issues
10
Q
State the political causes of food shortages?
A
Government policy
Poor governance
Conflict / war
11
Q
When might population exceed carrying capacity?
A
POPULATION INCREASE
Net migration
Birth rate exceeds death rate
Resources fail e.g. Poor harvest
Exhausted resources
12
Q
How can countries avoid overpopulation?
A
Increased female education Promoting birth control Delaying marriage Encouraging our migration Reduce economic or cultural reasons for high birth rate
13
Q
Define dependency ratio?
A
Working population vs non working population (under 16 and over 65)
14
Q
Why might dependency ration increase?
A
Ageing population- people live loner
High birth rate - youthful population
Decrease in working population - e.g. War or outmigration
15
Q
Disadvantages of increased elderly dependents?
A
Cost of pensions, hospitals (tax rise)
Need for specialist housing
Impact on other elements of population ("fossilisation of job market")
Change in consumer patterns
Conservative population
16
Q
How can you reduce the negative effect of ageing population?
A
Raise retirement
Alter pension arrangements
17
Q
List the factors affecting mortality?
A
Access to food Age distribution Gender Literacy Occupation Income Medical facilities
18
Q
Examples of diseases in HICs?
A
Coronary heart disease
Alzheimer’s
Lung cancer
Stroke
19
Q
Examples of disease in LICS?
A
Influenza + pneumonia
Diarrhoea disease
Malnutrition
Malaria
20
Q
In the DTM, describe why the death rate would be high at the beginning?
A
Famine
Disease
War
High infant mortality
Low life expectancy
21
Q
In the DTM, describe why the birth rate would be high at the beginning?
A
Lack of contraception
High fertility rate as family’s compensate for high infant mortality
22
Q
In the DTM, describe why the death rate drops in stage 2?
A
Access to healthcare (penicillin vaccines) Better nutrition Clean water supply Efficient sewage systems Medical advances
23
Q
In the DTM, describe why the birth rate remains high in stage 2?
A
Social trends take a generation to change
24
Q
Describe why birth rate falls in stage 3?
A
Parents choose smaller families
Economic BURDEN now
Changing role of women (education delaying childbirth)
Contraception widely available e.g. Bangladesh advising on family planning
25
What is the sex ratio?
The demographic concept that measures the proportion of males to females in a given population
Measures as the number of males per 100 females
26
What factors affect a country's arguing capacityv
Arable land (fertile soil)
Political stability (low corruption and stable)
Terrain (mountainous environments restrict carrying capacity)
Climate (extreme are harder to grow crops, less avalible water) e.g. Sahara
Technology (minimise environmental damage and create jobs)
27
What would happen if carrying capacity was exceeded?
```
Deforestation
FAmine
Drought
Water shortages
Congestion
Water pollution
Housing shortages
```
28
Malthus quote?
"Population when unchecked increases in a geometrical ratio"
29
Sum up what Boserup believed?
That people are the ultimate resource - through innovation humans can respond to increased population
30
Boserup quote?
"Necessity is the mother of invention"
31
Sum up Malthus theory on population?
Essay on the principle of population
Good is necessary to life of man and therefore exercises a strong check on population
eventually population outstrips food supply and a catastrophe in the form of famine disease or war
Population increases geometrically (1,2,4,8,16)
Food production increases arithmetically (1,2,3,4,5)
32
What is the green revolution?
A period when the productivity of agriculture rapidly increased
33
Examples of countries in stage 1 of the DTM?
Rural Bangladesh
34
Example of countries in stage 2 of the DTM?
Sri Lanka
| Perup
35
Example of countries in stage 3 of the DTM?
Chile
| China
36
Example of countries in stage 4 of the DTM?
Australia
37
Example of countries in stage 5 of the DTM?
Italy
38
Why is infant mortality rate a good indicator?
Infant mortality rates vary throughout countries - increase as development occurs
Indicates level of healthcare, levels of doctors or nurses, amounts of food, appropriate food, living conditions, exposure to infectious diseases
39
Describe the factors that may influence death rate?
```
Age structure
Health and nutrition
Urbanisation
Level of economic development
Gender
Wars
```
40
Describe how age structure can influence death rate?
When a high proportion of the population is old, the death rate is higher because old people are more likely to die than young people
41
Describe how gender can influence mortality rate?
With fact
Gender - women generally live longer
In the US life expectancy is 81.3% while for males it's 76.6 %
42
Describe how health and nutrition can influence death rate?
Improved agriculture
Avalibilitu of food aid
Growth of medical services
43
Describe how level of economic development influences death rate?
As countries develop a higher population of people go to live in cities
44
Social influences on fertility?
Immigration - high fertility, large families
Age structure - fertile age (working age)
Sex ratios - more boys than girls e.g. China birth rate is depressed
Religion - Catholicism oppose the use of contraception
War - families delay having children during a war and wait until the war ends
45
How do economic factors influence birth rate and fertility?
Breed to compensate
Urbanisation - lower in cities ans children are harder to support, family planning more easily avalible
Education - lower birth rates as raise status of women (paid jobs, contraception)
46
What is the rate of natural increase?
The difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate
47
How do you work out dependency ratio?
Number of dependents
/
Number of non dependents
Times 100
48
Issues with a young population?
Higher proportion.of country's income has to spent on pre and post natal care and on schools
Women are less likely to have paid employment because they are looking after children
49
Issues with an old population?
Higher proportion of income has to be spent on healthcare, welfare services and pensions
Pressure to raise retirement age
Buildings need to be adapted
Health issue (heart disease, cancer Alzheimer's)
50
Why is dependency ratio inaccurate?
Doesn't take into account unemployed
Choose not to work
Choose to work after 64
51
What is dependency ratio a useful burden of?
Burden of support that is likely to fall on economically active people
52
Symptoms of overpopulation?
Population growth
Average standard of living or quality of life declines
Food shortages
Water shortages
Congestion
Environmental deterioration (soil erosion, air pollution, deforestation, declining fish stocks, species extinction)
53
What is under population?
A situation where the population is at too low a level to make full use of the resources it possesses
54
What is optimum population?
Theoretical state where any increase or decrease in population might lead to a lower standard of living or lower quality of life
55
Describe the green revolution?
Norman Borlaug developed high yielding varieties of wheat suited to hot climate
Doubled wheat production in Indian in the late 1960s
56
Example of positive economic impacts of having an aging population?
Specialist pensioner service SAFA
| 2.1 million customers bought insurance holidays finance
57
Examples of jobs due to pensioners?
```
Undertakers
Hair dressers (cut hair residents)
Gardeners (maintain care home)
Construction (build care homes)
```
58
Dealing with ageing population?
Raising retirement age to 67 TESCO
| scrapped retirement age after entire store of Cheshire was staffed with over 50s - B+Q
59
Fact about an ageing population?
23% of Japanese population over 65
60
Famine case study in South Sudan?
1/3 severely food and nutrition insecure
80% increase from 2014
30,000 facing starvation and death
5 million with food insecurity
61
Economic or political factors that have contributed to famine in the Sudan?
High dependency on farming (70% of labour force)
Dependency on food imports (13% of consumption 1998-2000)
Conflict in Dafar reduced food production and distribution
62
Physical factors that have contributed to famine in the Sudan?
Long term decline in rainfall in South Sudan
Flooding
Increased use of marginal land - degradation
63
Social factors that have contributed to famine in the Sudan?
High female illiteracy (65%)
Increase AIDS threat
High population growth (3%) use of marginal land overgrazing
64
Outline the basic successes of China's one child policy?
Reduced population growth
Better health care for women
Increased savings rate
65
Describe chinas one child policy has resulted in reduced population growth?
300-400 million fewer people in 2008 than otherwise (Chinese government)
Reduced TFR from 3 births per women (1980) to 1.8 births per woman (2008)
Thus reduced problems of epidemics, slums, overwhelmed services (health, education law enforcement), stain on ecosytsems and environment (abuse of fertile land, high volume of waste)
66
Describe how chinas one child policy has resulted in better health care?
Reduced risk of death and injury associated with pregnancy
Free contraception
Free pre natal classes
Care for girls program: aim of eliminating cultural discrimination through subsidies and education
67
Describe how chinas one child policy has resulted in an increased savings rate?
Chinese households have more money to invest as they expend fewer resources (time and money)
Young Chinese can no longer rely on children to look after them in old age so are printed to save money in future
68
List the issues that have resulted from one child policy?
```
Suicide
Long late few
Human rights
Gender imbalance
4-2-1 problem
Social problems of an only child
Unequal enforcement
```
69
Explain how chinas one child policy has resulted in a gender imbalance?
Strong cultural preference for boys
Increased female infantilise
Prenatal ultrasound imaging: female foetuses aborted in favour of male
Rurally, boys viewed as "helpful in farm work" whilst women are passive
Women part of mans family in marriage - family don't recieve financial support in retirement
Worsens 4-2-1 effect
70
Demonstrate the gender imbalance in china due to the one child policy?
In 2010, 119 males for 100 girls
Men buy or bid for brides (increased social inequality as woman are objectified)
71
Explain how chinas one child policy has resulted in human rights issues?
Enforcement of policy: bribery, forced abortion, infanticide, coercion
Impose policy through "beatings kidnappings and killings committed by family planning officials"
Chinese government permits "remedial measures"
72
Demonstrate how chinas one child policy has resulted in a gender imbalance?
In 2001, more than 20,000 abortions in Guangdong Procince
Women aborted as far along as 8.5 months being forced to abort by saline solution and foetus being killed in birth canal or immediately after birth
73
Describe chinas eugenic policy?
If one spouse has an "unsatisfactory" physical or mental condition from dyslexia to schizophrenia are banned from marriage
In order to "improve the quality of the Chinese population"
Reminiscent of the "master race" in Nazism
74
Facts that demonstrate the 4-2-1 problem?
194m (14.3% of population) over age of 60 in 2020
| Very large dependency ratio
75
Factors other than contraception that influence fertility rate?
Demographic - infant mortality or breed to compensate
Cultural - tradition, female literacy, religion
Economic - children (asset/burden), female employment, financial incentives
Political - population policy, empowerment of women
76
Explain recent increases in mortality rates in some LEDCs and MEDCs?
Implications of ageing population
Smoking (link to cardiovascular problems and cancers)
Obesity (wide health implications)
HIV AIDS
Catastrophic events (famine war earthquakes - combined)
77
Why are TFRs lower in MEDCs?
Social and economic change brings new attitudes towards children
role of women (women working)
Expense or child rearing
Ease of access to low cost contraception
78
Why are TFRs higher in LEDCs?
```
Economic neccessity (need for labour)
Role of women
Lack of easy and affordable access to family planning and contraception
Cultural norm
Religion
```
79
How can people respond when an area has reached its carrying capacity?
Increase out migration
Agricultural innovation
Agricultural intensification
80
Constraints on increasing food production in LEDCs?
Human - lack of funding
Inability to transport as lack of infrastructure
War and conflict
Trade barriers
Climactic and environmental hazards
Climate change
81
Explain how food shortages may be reduced?
Improving the balance between population and food supply. Reducing population growth (anti nationalist policy or increasing food production)
Technology and innovation may help increase food production
Green revolution (HYVs machinery fertilisers pesticides herbicides irrigation water control) GM crops, biological pest control, low cost or appropriate technology
Innovation in food processing and storage
82
Consequences of population outstripping resources?
Population collapse (Malthus)
Famine disease water
Resources may develop so raise the ceiling for population
Outmigration or rationing
83
Explain how countries might delay or avoid reaching or avoid population outstripping resources?
Birth control
Delayed marriage
Encouraging out migration
Increased female education
```
Intensify farming
Industrialise
Find new sresources for power
Improve transport to better supply resources
Ration resources
```
84
Why might dependency ratio increase over time?
Ageing population as people live longer
A high birth rate, due to a youthful population
Working population decrease due to e.g. Outmigration of increased death rate e.g. War
85
Describe the role of push and pull factors in migration?
Push are perceived disadvantages of the origin
Pull perceived advantages of destination
Push factors are highly directional
Pull factors offer a range of destinations
Push factors stronger motivators to moves
86
Why is infant mortality very low in MEDC?
Healthcare
Nutrition
Information
Immunisation
87
Why does education of women reduce fertility rate?
Women's literacy and awareness improve - understand themselves and contraception better
Empowered - choose to space children and have fewer as they can see the advantage of having a small family
Aspiration and opportunity - employment or career limit the time women can give to child raising
Increased affluence and changing role of women - no longer subservient to husband
88
Define intra urban migration?
Permenant movement of people within an urban area that are not commuting
89
Social reasons for declining fertility rates?
Greater literacy
Higher educational attainment
Modernisation of society and weakness of tradition
Shift in norms
Ageing population and migration of younger people
90
Economic reasons for declining fertility rates?
Cost of child raising
Opportunity cost
Women's employment
Investment in healthcare means higher survival rates
91
Political reasons for decreasing fertility rates?
Government role in education
Family planning campaign
Financial incentives
92
Define fertility rate?
Number of children born to a woman
If she was to live to the end of her child bearing Years
And bore children to the end
93
Economic development and death rates?
```
Food supply
Education
Income
Health service
Better transport
```
Increase by
Obesity
Alcohol
Stress
94
Explain how technology can help reduce food shortages?
```
Green revolution:
Machinery
Fertilisers
Pesticides
Herbicides
Irrigation
Water control
```
GM crops
New transport and food storage systems
95
Why are birth rates higher in LEDC than in MEDC?
LEDC: high BR due to economic neccesity (labour)
Role of women
Lack of access to family planning
Religion or cultural norms
High percentage of child bearing age group (breeding to compensate)
MEDC: low BR due to social and economic change new children norms
Role of women
Expense of child raising
Ease of access to and low cost of contraception
Ageing population
96
Define optimum population?
Number of people
That with existing technology and resources
Produces the highest average standard of living
97
Why is optimum population difficult to achieve?
Population resource relationship is dynamic and complex - population numbers change constantly, technology improves and resources deplet
Not a fixed number and changes - difficult to establish if achieved as it is difficult to measure
98
Human causes of food shortages?
```
Rapid population growth or in migration
Conflict (leaving farmland)
Land damaged
Land not farmed efficicencly
Lack of access to food that may not be in actual short supply (poor food storage and distribution systems)
```
99
explain how variations in birth rate can affect population change?
higher birth rate leads to an increase in population
| provided the birth rate remains above the death rate
100
Describe and explain the economic factors that can influence birth rates?
level of family income
economic cost or benefit of children
nationally: family planning avalibility,
education level of women, medical care
101
why might population level off as it reaches its carrying capacity?
natural checks e.g. overcrowdinglesding to disease
inadequate food supply
limited water supply
102
what is underpopulation?
when the environment has the potential to support a greater population than it currently does
103
Crude birth rate
The number of live births per 1000 population in a given year
104
what is a big influence on crude birth rate?
age structure
105
what is the total fertility rate?
The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman or group of women during her lifetime, if she were to pass through her child-bearing years conforming to the age specific fertility rates of a given year
global average is 2.5
106
replacement level fertility?
the level at which those in each generation have just enough children to replace themselves in the population
TFR of 2.1 children is usually considered replacement level
107
Factors influencing mortality:
LEDC AND MEDC
LEDC: infectious diseases account for 40% of deaths
people live in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera spread rapidly
limited access to health care and medicines mean that otherwise treatable conditions such as malaria and tuberculosis are often fatal to poor people
poor nutrition and deficit immune systems are key risk factor for serveral big killers such as lower respiratory infections TB and measles
in rich countries heart diseases and cancers
108
what and why is infant mortality rate a good indicator?
most sensitive indicator of socio economic progress
heavily influenced by fundamental improvements in quality of life factors
water supply, nutrition, healthcare
109
General ideas about life expectancy:
lowest in africa 55 years
highest in north america 78 years
range has significantly narrowed between poor and rich in 50 years
impact of aids has caused recent decreases in life expectancy in some suv-saharan africa
110
population structure
the composition of population
| the most important elements are age and sex
111
what is population pyramid?
a bar chart
arranged vertically
that shows distribution of a population by age and sex
112
what is the dependency ratio in developed countries vs non developed countries?
developed countries:
50-75 (elderly people make up majority)
non developed countries:
higher may reach 100 (young people make up majority)
113
what is demographic transition?
the historical shift of birth and death from high to low levels in a population
114
where are all the developed countries of the world on the DTM?
stage 4 or 5
115
where are the poorest of the developing countries on the DTM?
stage 2
116
Describe stage 4 of the DTM?
Birth rate and death rate low
Birth rate fluctuated due to economic conditions
Slow population growth
Death rate rise slightly as the average age of population increases
117
Describe stage 5 of the DTM?
Birth rate falls below death rate
NATURAL DECREASE
absence of net migration inflows these populations are declining
118
criticism of the DTM?
It fails to take into account changes due to migration
It is seen as too Eurocentric as it was based on the experience of Western Europe
Many developing countries may not flow the sequence set out in the model
119
Facts about ageing populations globally?
increased from 46 in 1950
to 65 in 2000
74 in 2020
120
Describe Japans ageing population?
highest life expectancy in world
1 in 5 over 60
no other country has a lower under 15 population
younger workers are a premium and there is considerable competition to recruit them
121
what is development?
the use of resources to improve the quality of life in a country
122
example of how development occurs in a low income country?
food supply improves due to investment in machinery and fertilisers
electricity grid extends out from urban areas to rural areas i
123
what is the human development index?
measure of development that combines three important aspects of human well being:
life expectancy, education and income
124
what is child mortality?
the number of children who die before their 5th birthday per 1000 live births is
125
reasons for the decline in child mortality?
increased breast feeding
mosquito nets
measles vaccines
126
facts about maternal mortality?
risk in developed nations is 1 in 6000
1 in 22 in sub saharan africa
127
what is ecological footprint?
measure of humanities demands on natural environment
128
what is an ecological footprint measured in?
global hectares
129
facts about food shortages?
800 million people
| problem is concentrated in africa
130
Natural problems leading to food shortages?
```
soil exhaustion
drought
floods
tropical cyclones
pests
disease
```
131
What economic and political factors can contribute to food shortages?
low capital investment
rapidly rising population
conflict situations
poor distribution or transport difficulties
132
consequences of food shortages?
malnutrition (particularly children) 1 in 5 in south sudan
people are more prone to disease and likely to fall ill
people who are continually starved of nutrients never fulfill intellectual and physical potential
reduced people's alacrity to work
endless cycle of ill health low productivity and underdevelopment
133
what is the green revolution?
introduction of high yielding seeds and modern agricultural techniques in developing countries
india was one of the first countries to benefit from this high yielding variety seed program
including wheat rice and maize
134
Advantages of green revolution?
Yields are 2-4 times greater than traditional varieties
Shorter growing season has allowed introduction of an extra crop in some areas
Farming incomes increased (allows for purchase of machinery, better seeds, fertilisers and pesticides) and employment
The diet of rural communities is more varied
Local infrastructure upgraded to accommodate more market based approach
135
disadvantages of green revolution?
High inputs of fertiliser and pesticide are required to increase production (environmentally and economically costly)
Mechanisation increased rural unemployment
Middle and high income farmers have often become much more than the majority on low incomes
HYVS required more weed control and are more susceptible to pests and disease
136
how do constraints link to resource development?
WAR - retards development and the ability of s country to sustain its population. conflict can set back development by decades.
TRADE BARRIERS - another significant constraint reduced export potential of poorer countries and hinders development
CLIMACTIC HAZARDS - short term and climate change in the long term impact utilisation of resources
137
what is overpopulation?
when there are too many people in an area relative to resources and the technology available
138
Resource optimist population growth?
population increase
increased demand for food
improvement in technology
population growth continues unchecked
139
malthusian population growth?
population increase
increased demand for food
less food per person
increased mortality
and
decreased fertility
leads to a decrease in population growth
140
modern malthusian evidence?
global decline in area of farmland per person
steep rise in cost of food products
scarcity of fish
population increase
141
modern anti malthusian evidence?
development of new resources
replacement of less effievtn with more efficient resources
growth of green technology
142
Describe an S curve?
exponential growth
beyond a certain population size
growth gradually slows
resulting in stable population
143
what does a j curve illustrate?
high growth and collapse
population initially grows exponentially
population suddenly collwp s known as a dieback often population exceeds carrying capacity
144
what is a pro nationalist policy?
a population policy ENCOURAGE births through INCENTIVES
145
what is anti nationalist policy?
designed to limit fertility through incentives and deterrents
146
advantages of DTM?
```
simple, straightforward
predictive tool
applies to majority of world counties
flexible timescales
stood test of time 1929
malthusian reinforced ideas population growth slows best quality of life
```
147
arguments against DTM?
hiv and aids added unpredicted population chimney
war impacts (decrease in BR increase in DR)
internal or regional variation e.g. india
no tomsecale - globalisation technology and gov intervention makes more rapid
some countries may never reach stage 5
effects of migration not excluded
148
natural problems leading to food shortages
```
soil exhaustion
drought
floods
pests
disease
```
149
economic and political factors leading to food shortages
low capital investment
rapidly rising population
poor distribution
conflict
150
why might the death rate suddenly increase
sudden climate disaster e.g. flood
social unrest e.g. civil war
outbreak of disease e.g. ebola or aids
151
why is life expectancy increasing in many countries
better health care more medicines
greater health and safety, a decline in dangerous industrial activities such as minuting
better diets, more education about health threats e.g. smoking
reducing in infant mortality
safer forms of transport
152
factors influencing the shape of age sex pyramids?
demographic - link betw to death rates and low birth rates, aging population
economic - high cost of children, working wives
social - healthcare, status of women, housing education
political - tax policy, pensions, both controlled
migration type and amount
153
define optimum population
number of people
with the existing technology and resources
highest standard of living
154
why is optimum population difficult to achieve
population numbers change constantly
technology improves and resources become depleted and new ines discovered
not fixed number
difficult to determine whether it is achieved
if resources exhausted
population decline/ increase
155
how can technology help reduce food shortages
green revolution (machinery fertilisers pesticides herbicides irrigation water control)
GM crops
new transport and food storage systems
156
why might DR fall faster in certain areas?
provision of and access to medical care within an urban area
clean water efficient sewage system
population more prosperous so a higher standard of living (better food, high quality medical care)
occupational structure - dangerous work in mining and heavy manufacturing
demogrpahic structure - ageing population
157
benefits of being in stage 5 of DTM
reduced environment pressure
| larger grey market
158
challenges of being in stage 5 of DTM
shortage of young innovative workers
strain on healthcare
care and suitable accommodation of elderly needed to be provided
high dependency ration
159
positive impacts of urban rural migration
young families boost local school numbers
renewal of services due to increased demand from growing population
employment in gardening and services
new skills and wealth brought to area
160
why might countries aim to increase the fertility rate?
```
population decrease (TFR below 2.2)
concerns about dependency
lack of labour inability to fill jobs
vincent s about national identity
under population
```
161
How does one child policy work?
Reward and penalty
rural households that obey family planning rules get priority for loans, materials, welfare
"fewer births quicker richer"
162
resource optimist evidence
development of new resources
replacement of less efficient with more efficient resources
rapid development of green technology (increasing reader has development in this growing economic sector)
163
resource pessimists evidence
rise in cost of food
scarcity of fish
increase in world population
decline in area of farmland per person
164
J CURVE
population initially grows exponentially
population suddenly collapses
known as diebacks
often population exceeds carrying capacity before collapse occurs
165
example for malthus evidence
africa
repeated famine war food crisis environmental degredaiton soil erosion crop failure floods
166
counter to malthusian arguments
increased cropload due to irrigation
technological improvements
reduced pop growth in DTM
167
how much of welfare spending is paid to pensioners
55%
168
what is the impact of elderly people on healthcare
prevelance of long term health conditions
| 70% of total health and social care
169
how much did the elderly contribute to the economy in terms of consumption
47%
170
two responses of the population in an area that has reached its carrying capacity
S and J curve
outmigration
agricultural intensification
agricultural innovation
171
Constraints on increasing food production in LEDCS
```
agricultural practice
transport and storage
war or conflict
trade barriers
climatic change and hazards
funding
```
172
outlines china's one child policy
most strict family planning program
1979
reward and penalty spprosch
incentive; priority for loans, materials, welfare
"fewer births quickly richer"
in most provincial rural areas gov policy is relaxed so children can have two children without penalties
173
why might a county introduce a population policy to control natural increase?
malthusian fear
| overpopulation and consequences
174
impacts on a rural area of a high rate of natural increase
increased labour supply
reduced dependency ratio
hunger famine overpopulation
gr after unemployment
social unrest
overcrowding in housing
175
constraints on increasing food production in LEDC?
```
funding
agricultural practice
transport
war or conflict
trade barriers
climate hazards
```
176
explain why the mortality rate for males is higher than for females?
Women live longer than men in general
Males undertake dangerous jobs and are more likely to be killed in warfare
Females will be seen as healthier and physically more likely to demonstrate longevity
177
effects of immigration on birth rates in MEDCs
low often less than replacement
natural decrease
young adults fertile age groups
age culture and positive socio economic
178
explaining death rate decrease
agriculture (quantity quality security of food supply)
key services e.g. healthcare
innovation
investment by government eg immunisation
local authorities eg sanitation
clean water
increase standard of living
179
consequences of food shortages in an area
our migration
more imports
aid
riots
change in agriculture
irrigation
population control
180
why might a declining population be a problem
ageing society
lower births
less economically active peopl
high levels of emigrwi ok
ageing = greater pressure on pension, welfare, health and residential policy
181
how to not exceed carrying capacity in terms of resources
```
intensity farming
indsutralise
find new resources of power
improve transport to better supply resources
ration resources
```
182
how to not exceed carrying capacity in terms of population
```
birth control
delay marriage
contraception
increase female education
anti nationalist policy
```
183
consequences of increased dependency in an area
```
cost of pensions and hospitals so tax rise
need for specialist housing
conservative population
change in consumer patterns
fossilisation of job market
```
grey pound
informal labour
184
explain how constraints limit migration
factors that limit a persons ability to move
| eg inertia, sale of house, health, wealth to pay for the move, mobility, knowledge of the destination, costs of moving
185
explain how barriers limit migration
things that block or prevent the movement such as border controls
physical geography
insecurity
hostile areas
