Settlement Dynamics Flashcards
1
Q
Characteristics of a rural landscape in the past?
A
Close knit community
Considerable homogeneity in social traits
Religion more important than in towns
Family ties much stronger than in urban society
Less mobility than in urban society
Class differences less pronounced than in urban society
2
Q
Characteristics of a case study rural settlement?
A
PRESTBURY
Population (3% 25-29, average age of 46 instead of 40)
House type (84% detached and semi detached)
Tenure (89% own or buying(
Ethic (98% white)
Employment (31% full time)
3
Q
Explain the implications of the issue of extremely high house prices?
A
First time buyers in 20s/30s are totally priced out of the market
They have no chance of owning a hose here as they cannot afford it
The housing in the village is dominated by detached mansions
More affordable housing is needed
Lack of people in 18-30 in PRESTBURY may mean business forced to turn to EU migrant labour to work in village services
4
Q
Explain the implications of the issue of commenter villages becoming dormitory settlements?
A
High numbers of commuters to Manchester leaves the village feeling empty
Bereft of local community spiritual during the day
Some local buisnesses dependent on the daytime custom will struggle
5
Q
Explain the implications of the issue of high end services dominating in Prestbury?
A
E.g. Gastropubs or spirit of Andes
Lack of services for local people such as everyday convenience stores
These get replaced by business targeting the wealthy e.g. Footballers
Only the wealthy can afford prices to eat out in village resultant and prices to hit goods in the village shops
Tailors and wool goods in the spirit of the Andes (150+ alpaca wool cardigans(
6
Q
Explain the implications of the issue of the loss of traditional housing in Presturvy?
A
Worrying trend in the purchase of older style large homes and then to demolish them and build ugly ostentatious mansions in their place
Loss of traditional semi rural village identity and period housing
7
Q
characteristics of a CBD?
A
high rise buildings (short supply, intense competition) public transport (train stations, bus stops) shopping street (restaurant
8
Q
modern rural settlements?
A
high tech industry, lift manufacturing and services. they prefer greenfield sites for attractive locations.
more educated and well paid workforce who tend to be mobile.
rural gentirifixation has given new life for derelict buildings, iconic housing - but brews resentment amongst locals
retirement migration to attractive areas
second home ownership (greater transport links, increased car ownership)
9
Q
Fact about the industrial revolution and cities?
A
out of a pop of 9 million nearly 1 million lives in london
10
Q
what three main reasons have world cities grown?
A
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES - larger and larger workforces
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT -
rapid growth of major manufacturing and service sectors
GROWTH OF KEY TRANSPORT SECTORS
11
Q
what are world cities?
A
cities with a population of over 10 million
not necessarily capital cities but usually are
important function in the global economy, culture, politics and affairs
e.g. London and New York
12
Q
what is counterurbanisation?
A
the movement of people out of cities
to smaller towns in the surrounding areas
since 1950s occurs in HICs
more recently in rapidly industrialising countries e.g. China
13
Q
explain how increased car ownership leads to counterurbanisation?
A
people are more mobile
increase in commuting
growth of information technology (email video conferencing)
means more people can work from home
14
Q
in what way can urban areas be considered unpleasant to live?
A
pollution
crime
traffic congestion
15
Q
how can the type of site (brownfield or greenfield) lead to counterurbanisation?
A
developments on greenfield sites are often cheaper than the cost of cleaning up an inner city brownfield site
16
Q
Settlement
A
A place where people live
A settlement can range from one isolated building to a capital city with over 20 million people like Mexico City
17
Q
what kind of services would you find in small settlements?
A
low order services such as post offices
doctors
newsagents
18
Q
features of a small town?
A
primary school supermarket library bank hotel
19
Q
features of a large town?
A
shopping centre secondary school college cinema sports centre
20
Q
features of a city?
A
primary and department stores university cathedral football stadiums airport museums theatre
21
Q
describe the CBD?
A
commercial hub mainly shops and offices most accessible congested and busy few people live her high land value
22
Q
describe inner suburbs?
A
increasingly car ownershi demand for better quality environment 1930s housing mainly semi detatched gardens urban streets
23
Q
describe the outer suburbs?
A
modern detached and semi detatched housing
mainly privately owned
with gardens garages off street parking
rural urban fringe
24
Q
describe the inner city?
A
area around the cbd developed in the 19th century high density terraced housing area of decline inner city redevelopment offering
25
describe industrial estates and retail parks?
cheap land
near suburban labour force
cheap land
attractive environment
economic development on the rural urban fringe
26
how is rural poor worse than urban poor?
reduced access to education, healthcare, portable water and sanitation, housing, transport and communication
27
disadvantages of large scale rural urban migration?
rural depopulation
ageing population
closure and decline of services as population decreases
insufficient labour to maintain agricultural production
28
advantages of large scale rural urban migration?
reduced rural pop growth (pressure on resources)
limit unemployment
remittances are valuable as a source of income
29
what is re urbanisation?
change in image of certain areas of the city so people move back to the cities
e.g. millions of pounds on dock lands light railway
driven by reduction in urban street crime via cctv improve ph life perception of centersl urban areas
30
facts about urbanised countries?
belgium is 97% urbanised
| india is 27% urbanised
31
describe urbanisation?
increased proportion of people living in cities
expressed as percentage
driven by push pull factors
natural increase
32
describe suburbanisation?
outward spread of city limits
driven by car ownership, suburban rail links, government support, improvements to road network
accommodates large areas of low density housing
33
describe counterurbanisation?
urban de concentration
most consistent and dominant feature of population movement in modern U.K.
each level of settlement hierarchy gains people from above (more urban) but looses people from below
e.g. dorking
34
what drive gentrification?
government investment in buildings new housing e.g. kid brooke village
knock on effect as new areas undergo process e.g. brixton
35
causes of suburbanisation in LA (urban push)?
```
greenfield sites
pollution
declining jobs
high land rent
safety concerns
crowed housing
poor schooling
congestion
```
36
causes of suburbanisation in LA?
```
safer neighbourhoods
cheaper land for properties
accessibility
large shopping centres
more open space
low density family housing
```
37
what is a donut city?
city with a hole in the centrral down town area
38
describe what is meant by a hierarchy of global cities
```
6 levels of global city
based on:
buisness activity
human capital
information exchange
cultural experience
political engagement
```
the highest category includes only london and new york
39
what are the processes that lead to an increase in the number of people living in urban LEDC areas?
natural increase
| rural urban migration
40
why might there be a smaller increase in urban MEDC population?
reached a peak in urbanisation
continued slow increase in large city more
movement is urban to urban or inside the urban area
natural increase less significant in MEDCs (small no of children)
41
list the problems faced by people living in shanty towns?
poor access to social provision
lack of utilities (water sewage electricity - disease prone)
illegality means uncertain dwellings
criminality lack of law enforcement
poor quality building materials, high density dwellings on unsuitable surfaces (steep, unstable, flood prone)
42
BID RENT MODEL
concentric zone formation
1964
centre: high accessibility, short supply, intense competition
those willing and able to bid the most get the most central location
high rise buildings is proof of this
43
BURGESS MODEL
Series of concentric zone
physical expansion of the city occurs due to invasion and succesion
quality of housing increases as you go out
aspiration to commuter zone
GENTRIFICATION OPPOSED THIS
1925
concepts drawn from ecology and American cities particularly Chicago
wealthiest on outskirts
44
HOYT
1939
The Sector Model
based on 142 us citird
similar land uses extend outward clustered in a sector instead of a ring
based on burgess as the CBD is the most accessible
took into account transportation
45
how is Prestbury a characteristic rural settlement?
75% detatched properties
75% christian
more than average white majority
services: 4 restaurants, gastro pubs (admiral rodney), estate agents, clothing (spirit of andes with alpaca wool)
46
threats to a CBD?
```
out of town shopping centres
online banking
brownfield sites
email instead of post
rise in internet shopping: broadband expansion
```
47
Characteristics of CBD?
high rise buildings - bid rent
public transport - train stations, bus stops
shopping streets - restaurant, chain retail
pedestrianism (safe city)
financial services (banks/legal services)
administrative buildings (town hall)
48
case study of shanty town?
HELIOPOLIS
SÃO PAULO
BRAXIL
100,000 people in poverty or semi poverty
emerged in the 1960s
49
what three management schemes have been implemented in HELIOPOLIS?
College Campus
Bolsa Familia
Redondinhos
50
describe college campus?
7 schools on one site
schools open on to public areas with large corridors
priority of education as money spent on with peaceful layout in the centre of settlement
institute baccarelli spondered music school
51
describe redondinhos?
```
Rly Ohtake ARCHITRCT
11 five story circular buildings
70,000 rehoused
6/70,000 per flags comparable to social housing
residents are owner occupiers
colourful
open
green space
running water and elevator city
stone floors allow residents to feel at home
```
52
negative of redondinhos?
ploy to get residents to pay tax
as an ulterior motive
in giving them a permenant address
53
describe bolsa familia?
poor families get cash if they send children to school and take them for health checks
entitled to $40-70 a month
13m families
54
advantages of bolsa familia?
17% reduced inequality since 2001
cheap - only 0.4% of GDP
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION - disproportionate amount goes to black brazilians
55
disadvantages of bolsa familia?
poor are under serving (trade off)
reduced effectivenesss of alternative social priests
works better in countryside
56
what is the case study for the provision of infrastructure in a city?
BOGOTA
57
describe how air pollution is an urban problem in bogota?
70% automobiles
city has excess of 1m vehicles
hour to travel 5 miles
58
describe how air poor road quality is an urban problem in bogota?
"crater sized" potholes
poor signage
cost of repairing between $12-13 bn
59
describe how corruption is an urban problem in bogota?
3 owners of companies in jail for financial bribery
| slows infrastructure projects e.g. road 125km meant to be finished in 2012 is still unfinished
60
describe how congestion is an urban problem in bogota?
3-5 billion lost annually
3002-2012 number of cars in capital had tripled
goods services employees can't get where they need to go so growth is stifled
61
Solution to Bogotas problems?
Transmilrnio
Pick y Placa
Subway
cycle routes
62
Transmilrnio information?
over 1,000 buses transport 1.6 million commuters
70 miles long
smart card system allows passengers to access transport from elevated platforms
bus system with dedicated land running through Bogota
63
advantages of transmilrnio?
affordable
consistent
saves time
available to all sectors of society
64
disadvantages of transmilrnio?
38% victims of crime, especially pickpockets
overcroeding
90% approval initially now down to 20%
accidents (6,000 a year)
65
what is pico y placa?
cars with certain liscence plates prohibited in certain lanes
66
disadvantages of pico y placa?
more old
heavily pollution cars
as people by a second car to avoid this
67
how could the subway solve bogotas problems? (include disadvantage)
21st century a city of around 8million needs one
would cost $400 million per mile
BRT would cost less than a 10th of that
68
how could cycle paths reduce urban problems for bogota?
300km of cycle paths
| altitude of 2640m breathing
69
Background information of a MEDC
19th century growth population
by 1923 population desntiy is 136 per acre
1960 4 Hulme crescents built
Pedestrian areas, landscaped open spaces (12,000 housed)
Deck access lead to high crime and lax policing, loss of community and health issues due to damp e.g. bronchits, lack of green space
70
Information about city challenge?
'91 scheme by government to revamp inner city areas
Manchester city council bids for government money
£37.5 million made available Hulme Tegemrstion LTD
3,000 new homes, shopping, community facilities
71
Hulme Arch Bridge
1997
```
mile south of the city
major artieral route from city
symbol of redevelopment
slender steel cables support deck
dramatic architectural gesture
elegant simple
symbol of regeneration
```
72
Zion Arts Centre
1999
Occupied former Edwardian Chirch
7.5 m high space - light bright and playful
studio space for ballet classes, dance and music facilities
rehearsal rooms for orchestras and choirs
73
Hulme Park
2000
First large scale park in manchester in 50 years
cost over 3m
parks design and competition involved extensive public consultation
community and play areas, sport areas, public square, open space
contrast to urban density of hulme
74
Rolls Cresent
1999
67 dwellings created community identity and membership
2&3 bedrooms enclosed around central courtyard
neighbourhood survillance
variations in structure colour and texture
departure from 1970s off white crescents
75
City Road Surgery
2002
Two storey buildings - welcoming and comforting
Boomerang roof provides impressive artistic statement
Discourages burgelers and impregnable to drug thieves
76
has hulme redevelopment been successful?
dramatic change to urban landscape
falling from rate
increased satisfaction
city challenge improved quality of proposals and encourage innovation and social mobility
evidence in new generation of student dwellers population
overturn of bad 1970s bad reputation
* ultimate success = creating jobs and falling unemployment are long term determinants
77
how has agriculture change in rural environments in the U.K.?
size of farms increased steadily
loss of hedgerows providing important ecological networks
agricultural wages are below national average so farmers are poorest of working poor
farm diversification (estab
78
how many people are employed in agriculture today
2%
79
what were the main assumptions upon which the concentric zone model were based?
uniform land surface
free competition for space
universal access to a single centered city
continuing in migration to the city with development taking place outward from the central core
80
explain what surrounds the CBD in burgess model
zone in transition
older private homes are subdivided into flats or beds it's or converted into offices and light industry
newcomers attract her to this zone
concentration of cheap low quality rented accommodation
81
why did both burgess and hoyt put the CBD in the centre?
zone of maximum accessibility
82
MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
The pattern of urban land sure does not develop around a single centre but around a number of discrete nuclei
some may be long established e.g. old villages incorporated into city via urban expansion
other such as industrial estates are newer
similar activities agglomerate together whilst others repel
83
how has population density developed in MEDCs over time?
initial rise and later decline of density in centre
| outward spread of population and consequent reduction in overall density gradient over time
84
how has the population density of LEDCs developed over time?
continual increase in centre areas
| stable density gradients as urban area expands
85
what are the general factors affecting the location of urban activities (retailing or manufacturing)
market forces - supply and demand of land in various locations dictates price
local or central government planning decisions - overruling market forces considering it necessary as a public good
86
deindustralisation
long term and absolute
| decline of employment in manufacturing
87
why has inner city decline of manufacturing occurred
industrial buildings are multi story and unsuitable for modern manufacturing
size of most sites is limited and too small by modern satndatds
larger sites with lax environmental regulation result in high levels of contamination
high competition pushed up price too high for manufacturing industry
88
what has developed outside the CBD in large urban areas
suburban CBDS
retail parks
out of twown shopping centres
internet shopping and home delivery
89
what have been common changes to CBDS
```
indoor shopping centres
environmental impr cements
greater public transport coordination
pedestrianised zones
ring roads around CBD with multi story car park
```
90
what threatens the prosperity of a CBD
competition with neighbours
constantly having to upgrade facilities to remain attractive to catchment populations
urban redevelopment
91
counter example of inner cities being less affluent
Notting Hill
| Chelsea
92
where are squatter settlements generally located
```
on flood plains
on river banks
along railways
beside main roads
adjacent to industry
```
93
what is the population of Heliopolis
almost 100,000
94
statergies for reducing urbanisation and urban growth in developing countries
encouraging fertility decline
developing rural infrastructure
incentives to companies to relocate from urban to rural
incentives to business to develop in rural areas
promoting agricultural development in rural areas
95
what was the main instrument of reducing urbanisation in China
in 1950s Hukou system
a population register which determines if people are urban or rural
permission was required to leave the countryside was only given if potential migrants could produce documentary evidence that they had an urban job to go to
96
alternate method to reduce urbanisation in china - back to the cities movement
back to the villages movement in the early 1960s saw 20 million leave large cities to go to rural origin
authorities since 1950s have periodically encourage large numbers of people to leave the cities
97
three ways china reduces urbanisation (reduces rural urban migration)
Hukou system
Back to the villages movement
Household registration system + high barriers
Promoting insitu urbanisation
98
how has a household registration system and high barriers reduced urbanisation
local authorities in rural areas continue to limit out migration
local governments in city destinations have erected barriers in terms of employment discrimination and the deportation of migrants back to their areas of orgin
99
what is the aim of china's strategy to reduce LEDC urbanisation
focus on promoting small and medium sized cities
| ensuring multi faceted development of regional economies
100
what is insitu urbanisation in china
when rural settlements transform themselves into urban or quasi urban entities with very little movement of population
since 1980s 20,000 towns in china developed like this
101
advantages of insitu urbanisation in general
benefits significant numbers of rural population who are often deprived in development process
diverting many potential rural urban migrations who would otherwise head for slum areas in established cities
Quanzhou in China
significant economic development has seen fall in agriculture employment
rather than moving to existing cities rural dwellers absorbed by township and village enterprises
102
reasons for the decline in rural services
effect of market forces and rival of supermarkets making local services no longer competitive
changing pattern of rural population (more mobile residents with different consumption patterns)
change in expectations of rural residents themselves who aren't prepared to make do with poor and expensive services when they can usually access better services
103
what is a key village
one designated as being one to develop in terms of the goods and derived available to its population and the population of the surrounding area
104
what issues are there in rural areas where
changing agriculture
rural services
rural transport
rural housing
105
describe the rural housing problem
lack of affordable housing in village communities
results in a large number of young people moving to market towns or larger urban centres
only 12% rural housing is subsidies vs 25% of urban areas
106
describe the rural transport problem
felt most by poor elderly and young
rise in car ownership had devestationg impact on public transport
lack of public transport puts intense pressure on low income houses to own a car
large fuel prices increased problem
107
advantages of rural urban migration in rural areas
reduced population growth (pressure on food water and resources)
limits unemployment and underemployment
valuable source of income in remittances of migrants
108
disadvantages of rural urban migration in rural areas
rural depopulation and an ageing population
closure of services both public and private as population declines
insufficient labour to maintain agricultural production at its former levels
109
describe and explain rural poverty
60% of poverty worldwide
90% in bangladesh
education healthcare water sanitation housing transport and communication far worse
110
urbanisation of poverty
the increasing concentration of poverty in urban areas in developing countries due to at least in part high levels of rural urban migration
111
example of cause and result of urbanisation of poverty
Mongolia
1/3 of population live as notmadic hereders in grassland in isolation
droughts cold and snow decimated livestock
moved to Ulaanbaatar the capital city living in impoverished conditions on the peripheries
112
what is urban growth
the absolute increase in physical size and total population of urban areas
113
reason for rapid suburban growth after the first world war
construction of suburban railway lines (rapid period of house building)
government support
willingness of local authorities to provide piped water sewage systems gas and electricity
improvements to road network
developments in public transport
low interest rates
114
difference between urbanisation and urban growth
urbanisation is increasing proportion of a population living in urban areas
urban growth occurs without this happening if urban areas are growing at a rate below population growth
115
Counter urbanisation
the process of population decentralisation as people move from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements to rural areas
most consistent and dominant feature of population movement in developed cities today
116
reurbanisstkon
after a clear period of decline population of a city
particularly inner city starts or increase again
eg london dock lands subsidising heavily
117
measure of competition of land?
rent price
| land price
118
what is urban renewal
the best elements of the existing urban environment (safeguarded by planning regulations) are adapted to new usages
popularised in 1970s
119
what is urban redevelopment
complete clearance of existing buildings and site infrastructure and construction of new buildings
120
example of urban regeneration
Docklands Development a corporation 1981
largest urban regeneration projects under taken in europe
construction of canary wharf extending cbd east
121
what is gentrification
Process in which wealthier people move into renovate and restore run down housing in an inner city or neglected area
such housing was formerly inhabited by low income groups with the tenure shifting from private rented to owner occupied
eg notting hill or brixton
122
two reasons for clusters of high socio economic groups in the inner city
fashionable areas through gentrification
areas always fashionable eg Chelsea short journey to CBD with pleastent appearance and open space and high quality housing
123
features of areas likely to undergo gentrifciarion
larger than average housing
attractive park
proximity to station
124
evidence of gentrification
trendier shops and restaurants opening
houses being renovated
house prices rising faster than in comparable areas
125
reasons for increase in urban car use in cities
rising incomes enabling people to have a car
decentralisation resulting in people living further way
growth in no of households generating more trips
growth of working age families with two earners generating more trips
high cost low quality public transport increasing appeal of car as alternative
increasing proportion of journeys to school taken by car
126
effect of rising number of motor vehicles in cities
deterioration of air quality in cities
127
List responses to changes in rural settlements
CASE STUDY
Prestbury
```
Welcome pack
Community centre
Village Events
New housing
Riverside car park
```
128
Responses to changes in rural settlements:
Welcome pack
Given to all new residents through estate agents
the purpose of the pack is to provide the new residents with local information to help them acclimatise quickly
brings local services and businesses to the attention of newcomers before they look for them beyond the village
129
Evaluate responses to changes in rural settlements:
Welcome pack
indirect
they may not read it
frequently updated
advantage
cheap and wealth
130
Evaluate responses to changes in rural settlements:
Multi use community centre
No people teenage
economic drivers lead people to staying
Cost effective as they have the top rate of council tax
131
Responses to changes in rural settlements:
Multi use community centre
Multi use community centre with in Bollin Grove
This would potentially provide a new home for Youth Club, changing rooms and toilets, indoor sports space, meeting and conference rooms, a Parish Council, space for new activities such as senior citizen classes and teenage gatherings
132
Evaluate responses to changes in rural settlements:
Village events
Fits with wealth bracket
Popular
Helps local buisness
Cultural diversity
133
responses to changes in rural settlements:
Village events
Proposals include new farmers markets to be held quarterly, street food markets, Christmas fair, Mayday fair and an annual Family Fin Day and Duck race
134
Evaluate responses to changes in rural settlements:
Riverside Car Park
Not big enough
enociurgaes day trips
congestion
vehicle theft
135
Responses to changes in rural settlements:
Village events
26 parking spaces constructed on land next to bridge
increase the villages parking capacity by 18%
the proposed site is centrally located, fitting daytime and evening parking requirements, supporting New Road businesses and encouraging drivers to stop and shop in the village
136
Evaluate responses to changes in rural settlements:
New Housing
```
Not in my back yard
health bracket
not young people
not affordable
celebrity opposition
brownfield instead
```
137
responses to changes in rural settlements:
New housing
Proposals to build 36,000 new homes in the area approved by a cheshire East council
development sites have been allocated with a number of extra green belt sites being markets around Macclesfield
required to accept more housing a significant proportion is aimed at senior citizens in retirement housing
reflecting the parishs demogrpahic trends
138
reasons for the problems of a squatter settlement
```
poverty
scale
expansion in extent
governance issues
racial or ethnic mix
unemployment
crime culture
physical environment
```
139
why are cities in MEDCs growing at a slower rate
counter urbanisation - moving out of fringe or rural areas
diseconomies of scale - pollution high house costs unrest
low birth rate or aging population
some of the first countries to urbanise so they are now undergoing urban renewal
140
effects of urban growth on surrounding rural areas
environment and rural ecosystem-loss of habitat
demographic on the local rural population- commuters change age or gender elements
economic- land price rises, employment, house prices
141
characteristics of squatter settlements
environment - crowded, polluted, marginal land, unplanned
demographic - young migrants, single males, high birth rates
economic - poor unemployment low rents poor quality housing
social - lacks basic facilities crime and violence strong sense of community
142
why is the amount of people in ledc rural areas decreasing?
unemployment
poor employment or healthcare
lack of food security
natural disasters
```
pulled due to
work
improved quality of life
higher education
healthcare
```
143
why is the amount of people living in urban LEDC areas increasing?
```
natural incarse (majority young and of child bearing age - population structure)
death rate falls with development yet birth rate remains high (stage 3 DTM)
```
144
define counterurbanisation
decreasing proportion of people living in urban areas
people move out of large urban areas
into smaller towns and villages in rural areas
145
impacts of counterurbanisation on services on rural settlements
positive- increased demand so services renwed, expansion of village school, improved infrastructure, higher tax base
negative - decline of traditional services, closure of village school if older
146
how is the location of services changing
decentralisation of services from the centre to the periphery in out of town locations
147
why is the location of services in urban areas changing
high land value and rents - shortage of space
diseconomies due to transport congestion
cheaper land and larger sites
ease of access in main roads
greater consumer mobility and change shopping habits
148
positive impacts of living in a shanty town
free land
close to work or industry
strong community
once established families can upgrade housing
149
why are land values and rents high in CBD
most accessible - central and focus of public transport
competition for space relies on large numbers of people as customers or workers
people willing and able to bid the most due to high profits associated with accessibility
150
consequences for rural areas resulting from urban growth?
```
loss of community
increase in pollution
population change
environmental degradation
change in employment and services
```
151
why do people choose to live in shanty towns
unable to find or afford formal housing
social network fo family and friends
same language and culture
152
case study: decline of CBD?
free parking elsewhere out of town shopping
closure of M&S in 1990
move to merry hill
out of town shopping centre Bullring shopping centre (free parking and better services)
movement of people as people leave
14th most deprived area in UK
153
difference between hoyt and burgess
burgess - concentric zones
hoyt - sectors
burgess - invasion and succession
hoyt -
154
why do different groups of people live in different residential areas within urban settlements
residential segregation
economically - income (ability to pay, bid rent)
socially - race or ethnicity (or religion)
```
invasion and succession
filtering
housing market
avoidance and repulsion
attractive to certain communities
```
155
why are more people living in urban areas in MEDCs than LEDCs as a proportion
```
MEDC:
later stage of urbanisation
industrlidation in late 18th century
mid 20th century ended
majority pop already live there
```
```
LEDC;
early stage in urbanisation
more recent
rapid urbanisation taking place now
increasing but not yet majority as in MEDCs
```
156
explain why many cities in LEDCS have low value housing on he outer edges
BID rent - land used can only afford low rents and are outbid for centeral locstions
urban fringes due to in migration of rural workers
low environmental quality (steep slopes or marshland)
157
define gentrification
area is upgraded
by an influx of wealthy groups
who improve the quality of housing and environment
158
why does gentrification happen in MEDC
```
movement inwards of wealthy groups
result of pushed from suburbs
pulls of inner city large houses
higher property prices
nearer work in CBD
transport links
same social groups
attractive park locations
```
159
pressure on rural areas due to rural settlement growth
```
pollution
congestion
migration
road construction
water supply
food supply
```
160
problems when attempting to improve urban areas in LEDCs
```
Poor quality housing
transport
social infrastructure health clinics
pollution
supply of sewage
```
