Migration Flashcards
1
Q
Define migration?
A
The movement of people across a specified boundary, national or international to establish a permanent place of residence
2
Q
Define internal migration?
A
Moving within the frontiers of a nation
3
Q
Define international migrant?
A
Cross international boundaries
4
Q
Define net migration?
A
Number of migrants entering a region or country minus the number who leave the same place
5
Q
Define origin?
A
Where the migration embarks from
6
Q
Define destination?
A
Where the migration is completed
7
Q
Define migration stream?
A
Continuous movement of migrants from a common origin, with a common destination
8
Q
Define countermigration stream?
A
Reverse flow at a lower volume of people as people are dissatisfied and return home
9
Q
Define in migration?
A
Number of people joining a country’s population
10
Q
Define outmigration?
A
Number of people leaving a country’s population
11
Q
Define immigrant?
A
A person who joins a country’s population for permenant residence
12
Q
Define emigrant?
A
A person who leaves a country’s population for permanent residence
13
Q
Define push factors?
A
Negative observations about the area an individual is presently living in
14
Q
Define pull factors?
A
Perceived better conditions in the place migrants wish to go
15
Q
Define chain migration?
A
After one or a small number of pioneering migrants have led the way, others from the same rural community follow
Results from strong established rural urban links
16
Q
Define relay migration?
A
At different stages on a family’s life cycle different people take responsibility for migration in order to improve the financial position of the family
17
Q
Define stepped migration?
A
Rural migrant initially heads for a familiar small town and then after a period of time moves to a larger urban settlement
18
Q
Define urban hierarchy?
A
Urban structure - size of city decreases number of people decreases
Very few big cities
Large number of smaller cities
Large towns
Small commuter towns
19
Q
Define voluntary migration?
A
The individual or household has a free choice about whether or not to move
20
Q
Define forced migration?
A
When the individual or household has little or no choice but to move
21
Q
Describe circular migration?
A
Migrants do not settle perenemnantly
22
Q
Lee’s migration model: list of intervening obstacles
A
Distance Lack of capital Illiteracy Political differences Religion Language Military services Travel costs Mia information Family pressure National policy Bureaucracy
23
Q
Define lees migration model?
A
A model which divides factors causing migration into push and pull
These factors are economic cultural or environmental
- unfavourable = push
- attractive = pull
24
Q
What are intervening obstacles to migration?
A
Factors that prevent migration from taking place or reduce numbers moving
25
What is the gravity model based on?
Newtons las of universal gravitation
26
Sum up the gravity model?
The potential number of migrations will be bigger where the population of the departing and arriving are large
27
Formula for gravity model?
Number of people moving =
Pop of A * Pop of B
/
distance between them squared
28
What does the todaro model say is the most influential of push pull factors?
Economic
29
How does the todaro model say that rural urban migration can be slowed?
By creating investment and new employment opportunities in rural areas
30
Why does migration occur according to the todaro model?
Individual migrants weigh up the economic costs and benefits
31
Descrive circular migration?
Migrants do not settle permanently in their new homes
| Leave rural home at the time of unemployment returns periodically with. Obey
32
Describe step migration?
Represents the progressive movement from rural areas (isolated farms and agricultural villages)
to small towns / urbanised commuter cities
to regional centres / large individual cities
to national metropolis
33
Describe step migration variations?
Direct movement from rural areas to national metropolis
Moving from rural areas to national metropolis but moving back to regional centre
Intention to move from rural area to national metropolis but moving back to small town
Intention to move from rural area to national metropolis but eventually returning to rural area not reisiding elsewhere
34
What are the three steps of step migration?
Farms and rural areas
Regional centres
National metropolis
35
What is ravensteins law based on?
Studied migration in the U.K. 1880s
36
Push factors of rural urban migration?
Lack of economic opportunity
(Poor subsistence farming + lack of incomes for young people)
Population greTer than resources (food shortages)
Housing shortage
Natural disaster
Adverse climates
37
Pull factors of rural urban migration?
Job prospects
High wages
Attractive environment
Amenities
38
Consequences of rural urban migration?
```
Urban issues (overcrowding, lack of sanitation, disease (cholera diahorrea) lack of construction regulation, marsh bog poor land quality)
Rural reliance on remittances (further decline as old rely on young)
Rural depopulation (less agriculture so less food supply, reliance on imported food)
Brain drain (selective migration as young entrepreneurial people leave)
```
39
Fiji case study information about core vs periphery migration?
Incomes in rural areas 25% of those in Sura
| Incomes in urban areas grew 6x faster than in rural areas
40
What are the two forms of urban urban migration?
Step migration
| Movement within the same urban area (HIC)
41
Why does movement within the same urban areas occur?
Migrants stay with friends or relatives when they first arrive in city
They become more established they are able to move from squatter camps to migrants areas
42
Describe urban urban migration that happens generally in the U.K.?
Refugee or asylum seeker accommodation
Undesirable areas e.g. Margate
Where there is an accommodation surplus
43
Describe intra urban migration?
Within one urban area e.g. Moving house due to
Improved income levels mean that property can be acquired in better areas and housing improvements can take place
Changes in family status often mean a move to a larger property or the building of additional rooms
44
Describe intra urban migration reasons?
Urban regeneration - gentrification (gentrification: kid Brooke village, shoreditch effect) which affects less affluent social groups
Movement for school catchment areas
Improved income (improve lifestyle or get into school catchment areas)
45
Where does counterurbanisation occur?
Developed world
| Eg chile Argentina and Brazil
46
Describe counter urbanisation?
Involves the shift of populations from older industrial core areas to peripheral areas as well as a move from larger centres to smaller towns
47
Examples of why counterurbanisation occurs?
New towns eg Crawley due to world war 2 bombing
Slim clearance (eg New addington)
White flights in the 1960/70
Where growth in car ownership and expansion of commuter routers results in a change in work habits
48
How many people have left rural areas to seek work? (China case study)
160 million people
| 12% of the population of china
49
Outline the reasons why people left rural china?
Seek work in cities (1978 rural income is 40% urban income)
| Better standards of living (they can make more in a month working in a factory than in a year in the countryside)
50
In 1978 how much did farmers earn?
Less than $2 a day in 1980
| In Giozhou
51
Urban sprawl in china?
Shenzhen since 1978 has sprawled from small town to city of 12 million, predicted to be 15 million by 2020
52
Describe the social problems of rural urban migration in china?
61 million children left behind
20 million have mental health problems (depression anexity)
20 million involved in criminal activity
Further health problems of anaemia and screwed growth
53
Explain what stepped migration is?
When a rural migrant first heads for a familiar small town which is relatively close by
And makes one or more moves up the settlement hierarchy e.g. To a regional centre then to a capital city
54
Why does stepped migration happen?
Reduced the risk involved and to help the migrant on their way
By offering smaller steps which may be easier to achieve
Allows money to be saved up and information to be gathered for the next step
55
Explain how pull factors cause economic migration?
Pull factors in the decision to move and choice of destination (factual information, news from pioneer migrants, advertising, media reports and perception)
56
What is economic migration?
The movement of population for economic gain or betterment
| To obtain jobs or better paid employment
57
Explain factors that may limit the ability of people to migrate?
Physical - wellbeing of migrant and oceans mountains or swamps
Economic - finances to pay for migration, transport and housing costs and availability, employment
Social - family size, age, culture, level of education
58
Why is the scale of rural urban migration greater in LEDC than MEDC?
General cause of migration: socio economic disparity (services, opportunities and quality of life are poor in rural compared to urban)
Widespread in LEDC but applies only to certain MEDC (remote e.g. Mountains)
MEDC rural urban is in the past and more urban rural occurs now
LEDC is still dominant
Due to different stages in urbanisation
59
Push factors of rural urban migration in LEDC vs MEDC?
LEDC: Unemployment
Poor access to education and healthcare
Natural disasters
Lack of food security
MEDC (remote):
Limit job opportunities
Long distNcw education and healthcare
NO physical hardships or problem of food security
60
Pull factors of rural urban migration in LEDC vs MEDC?
Attraction of urban areas
Job opportunities
Higher wage rates
Access to better range and quality of services and shops
LEDC is more greatly improved quality of life
61
Define international economic migration?
The movement of people for more than a year
To another country
To seek employment
62
Ravensteins laws or migration:
Greatest body of migrants travel short distances
Produces currents directed at commercial centres
Each current has a counter current in the opposite direction
Urban migrated less than rural
Male migrate more over long distances
63
what are the three costs of migration?
Closing up
Cost of movement
Opening up
64
what is the closing up cost of migration?
changes to assets owned
LIC - low monetary, high personal
HIC - costs of selling house, estate agents, selling possessions that can't be transported
generally substantial
65
what is the cost of movement cost of migration?
depends on mode of transport and time taken
| personal transport costs and costs of transporting possessions
66
what is the cost of opening up cost of migration?
HICS impose stamp duty when a house is above a certain value
estate agents and legal fees possibly covered by employer
67
obstacles of miggation?
Physical - flood drought landslides water bodies
| Human - hostility from people ethnic tensions
68
how have government attitudes to migration changed? i
legal barriers have worsened
| countries favour immigrants with skills and set up buisnesses creating employment
69
difference between voluntary and involuntary international migration?
voluntary had an element of choice
dominated by economic reasons
influenced by changes or relaxation in laws or rules
eg 2004 eu expansion
70
when does involuntary migration occur?
when the migrant is forced to move
due to human or physical reasons
wars conflict due to wealth distribution ethnicity genoicide religions resources territory
71
example of an involuntary migration due to genocide?
rwanda
72
example of an involuntary migration due to religion?
syria
73
example of an involuntary migration due to resources?
iraq
74
example of an involuntary migration due to natural disaster?
haiti
75
example of an involuntary migration due to persecution?
nazi germany
76
what is independent voluntary migration?
the decision to move is made by the individual
| large majority of choice
77
what is dependent voluntary migration?
decision to move is made by a collective household
individual does not have a significant say
depends on the age and gender of the prospective migrant
78
describe the recent trends in voluntary migration?
growth of labour related migration
increasingly temporary &a circular 1990-2000
spatial impact has spread (more countries)
new migration streams & old streams maintainded
proportion of female migrants increased to 50%
Indonesia, Sri Lanka women make up majority
79
what advances in technologu have led to a rise in migration?
air travel is more reliable, quicker, cheaper, easier to book
ships
trains eg eurostar
internet - advertising, ease of booking, globalisation of culture
eg 82% of kenya vs 9% in 2002
80
economic reasons for a rise in migration?
ease of currency exchange
internet banking
remittance payments
81
environmental impacts of international migration on the source country?
relaxation of pressure on resources
82
define assimilation?
group of migrants gradually become part of host population
83
cultural impacts of international migration on receiving country?
Growth in CULTURAL HYBRIDITY as foreign people are established
eg after 2004 he expansion, more polish workers migrated to u.k., increased birth rate, languages at schools, etc
Large urban areas feel the effect of this most as greatest concentration of employment oppertunjtirs can be found
UK FRANCE GERMANY evident
84
social economic impacts of international migration on the receiving country?
increased no of people with low socioeconomic status (unemployment, dangerous, dirty jobs in consutrucrjon and household services)
increased pool of available labour reducing inflation
concentration of migrants on economic regions which puts pressure on housing stock and services e.g. health and education
social assimilation following economic assimilation - language religion and culture are barriers to this
85
social economic impacts of international migration on the sorce country?
remittances are a major source of income (in 2012 70 billion sent back to india) features in china also
positive multiplier - donations by migrants to community projects, increase purchase of foreign goods leads to increased reserves of foreign exchange
brain drain - loss of most dynamic individuals £60 billion LIC investment lost annually in this way
new ideas from adopted country filter back to one country clashing with tradition
86
push factor: poverty for mexico to USA international migration?
47% live below the poverty line
| deplorable economic conditions and poverty
87
push factor: lack of economic opportunity for mexico to USA international migration?
debit and currency crisis
neoliberal reforms
between 2002 and 2009 unemployment rose by 32%
88
push factor: poor education prospects for mexico to USA international migration?
adult literacy rates are 55%
89
pull factor: good academic oppertunjtirs for mexico to USA international migration?
them or for their future children higher education prospects so they can gain higher paying jobs
86% of mexicans can read and write
99% of americans can read and wrote
majority of students finish school at 14 in mexico, 16 in america
90
pull factor: greater economic opportunity for mexico to USA international migration?
chance for well paid jobs
john labour demands in america has lead to an expansion in mexican labour pool
2014 69% of mexican immigrants were in the civilian labour force and 30% in service (lower paying) occupations
91
pull factor: better quality of life for mexico to USA international migration?
people perceive a better life (57%)
quality of services is genuinely much better
US 400 patients for every doctor
Mexico 1800 patients for every doctor
92
push factor: crime for mexico to USA international migration?
mexico had high crime rate and drug traffakig rates
| 47,500 people in the past 5 years killed in drug related crimes
93
trends in mexico us migration?
rate has decreased in recent years (fewer jobs, tougher border control, more technology for border control, improving mexico economy)
only changed by 200,000 between 2006-2014
compared to 2 million between 1980-1988
94
demographic of mexico us migration?
87% working age only 60% native population
| more likely to be employed in services or consution earning 20,000 less than average american
95
main settling points of mexico urban migration?
california 4.2 million
| texas 2.5 million
96
main entry point of mexico us migration?
arizona border there were 260 out of a total of 473 migrants deaths in 2005
97
positive impacts on mexico?
higher percentage of remittances, lower homicide rate
1% increase in remittance, 0.05% increase in homicide rate
higher incomes deters crime and increasing oppertunjtes of jobs and education
positive multiplier effect
pressure on land social services and jobs is relieved - unemployment reduced and health services no longer over capacity
98
negative impacts on mexico?
there is an increasingly dependent population as the majority of young people leave
lack of young fertile couples reduces birth rate further increasing dependency ratio as lack of people supporting elderly
mexico is dependent on domestically grown food - most migrants are from rural areas leaving a shortage of farmers - potential for food shortages n mexico as economically active population leave rural areas
99
economic impacts of mexican migration on the USA?
mexican migrants take low income menial jobs (still highter than mexico)
many americans don't want these jobs
social tension as now unemployment of americans is rising
work gets done at a low price, ethnisiastically,
illegal immigrants cost the US Millions in border control enforcement and migrants held for deportation
remittances means the american economy loses out in tax revenue and mexican economy benefits
100
social impacts of US mexico migration?
concern that mexico is full of drug traffaking and high crime (paired with low incomes and poor education) concerns about drug smuggling and related crimes
large number of mexicans can't speak english fluently - common for spanish to be taught in american schools widening the skill set and improving career oppertunjtirs - helps ease social tensions also
mexican culture with burrito and taco fast food shops opening up nationally - new food n music helps widen americas diversity
ethnic tension violence crime segregation in closed communities - racial attacks
101
intra urban migration
permenang movement of people within an urban area not commuting
102
general impacts of migrants on the receiving country?
```
population growth
adds t reproductive sector
may lead to overpopulation
introduced new skills
may lead to conflict
valuable labour source
especially in shortage areas
possible informal sector strain on social services
```
103
general impacts of migrants on the source country?
```
relieved population pressure
loss of productivity
skilled population leaving
shortage of educated labour
loss of community
introduction of new values via feedback from migrants
remittances improved family income
```
104
split up the economic costs of migration
cost of closing up
cost of movement itself
cost of opening up at destination
105
physical obstacles to a migration
```
distance
flood
drought
landslide
water bodies
```
106
human obstacles to migration
hostility from other people on journey
| chances of accident while travelling
107
how can internal migration result in tension
significantly changes the ethnic composition of an area
E.g. in tibet the Han Chinese are see as threat to culture and its entity
108
how does rural urban migration have an environmental impact
massive expansion of many urban areas in developing countries
swallowed up farmland, forests, flood plains and other areas of ecological importance
water and resource pollution
109
what is the main influence on intra urban movements
family life cycle
| with the available housing stock being a major determinant of where people live at different stages of life
110
what is counterurbanisation
the process of population decentralisation as people move from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas
111
how can having relatives in a country encourage immigration by other family messages?
strength of family ties, reunion
positive reports of destination country
proveiison of information and advice before the migration
shared heritage language and culture
overcoming obstacles
employments in family businesses or reference to work
112
why might percentage of urban population vary between countries?
```
stage in the urbanisation cycle
stage of economic development
nature of economy
role of migration (rural urban)
policy and planning
```
113
define internal migration
movement of people
within a country
permentantly
114
explain the main benefits to migrants of international migration
economic: employment and higher wages than at origin
social: free social services, better education, freedom, security, range of cultural activities
115
impacts on the destination of the arrival of young males immigrating
demography - increased intermarrying, increased birth rate, lower death rate, male female imbalance
economic - unemployment rises, economic stimulus as cheaper labour, house price rise
social - increased demand for school places, cultural conflict, more restaurant variety
political - unrest, different voting patterns
116
factors which act as constraints to international migration
```
attachment to area they live in
distance and cost
borders and border control
level of knowledge of the destination
availability of transport links
level of responsibilities e.g. dependent elderly parents at origin
```
117
why might a large number of refugees migrate from some countries?
persecution. or lack of freedom due to religion or politics
long violent conflicts
forced expulsion of minority group (ethnic cleansing)
natural disaster or environmental degreadation
food/economic insecurity
118
why countries vary in attraction for international economic migrants?
proximity of travel
information on source (family members) and could provide support
government policy encouraging or discouraging economic migration
perceived hostility
perceived better wage rates and job oppertunjty
119
fact about older people and younger people migrating
only 4% over 60
| around 16% under 16
120
how can age influence migration
young adults more migratory (seeking work fewer ties breadwinner)
children migrate with parents
more complex family ties with age and retired family members least migratory
121
what does migration theory say about gender in migration
males more likely over long distance
| women more likely over short distance
122
how does gender affect migration
more males as in LEDCS they are more mobile
mainly men who seek work outside home
female may not be allowed
or may not wish to travel with young children
female migration by jobs traditionally done by women
eh caring professions
men may migrate first and be joined by family later
gender is arguably becoming less important
123
why does stepped migration occur
reduces risk involved
offers smaller steps easier to achieve
allows money to be saved up and information gathered
124
Impacts of international migration Mexico-USA on Mexico?
More dependent population, reduced fertility rate, increased dependency ratio
Rural migrants - less food producti n, population reliant on mexican food, rural food shortages
Remittances - multiplier, fall homicide rate as people don't have to commit crime
Population reduction - less pressure on health land and unemployment
125
Impacts of international migration Mexico-USA on USA?
Rising native unemployment as Mexicans took menial jobs - leads to social tensions
$3 billion on border patrol
Poor english - closed communities - no social assimilation
Poor education - crime - drug violence - low income
Americans expected to work at same low migrant wages - american labour replaced by cheaper migrants
Improved US culture - diversity, food
Spanish school teaching eases social tensions and useful in careers
126
issues of china rural urban migration (internal migration)?
education issues
workers mental health
children left behind
127
how are education issues a problem with internal migration in china?
Born to migrants due to Hukou system
58 million left in rural
19 million in cities as second class citizens
worst performance and behavioural problems
less likely to continue academic performance and behavioural problems
in order to go have to pay 6000 yuan as they receive no state funding
6% of migrant chidlren receive no education
128
how is workers mental health an issue of internal migration (rural urban)?
in Shenzhen
58% depressed
17% anxious
5% sucked
heavy burden and pressure on themselves to support ageing parents and families unable to care for them
contrast between what the workers desire and what reality is like
129
issue caused by internal migration in china in terms of children left behind?
70% emotional trauma depression or anxiety
one third involved in crime
one third heko with mental state
children without parents lack self discipline as grandparents struggle to look after the
in 2015 4 children committed suicide by consuming pesticide due to this
130
why have people left rural china to go to urban areas?
```
160 million (12% of pop)
1978 rural wages are ere 40% less than urban
```
farmers earns less than $2 a day
131
management of international migration case study?
mexico to usa
us boreder patrol reduces number of immigrants into the country via airforce
normal americans offer support pacing their own land
rationing effects of anchor babies
donald trumps barrier prevents mexicans from crossing
132
compare the sides of rural urban migration and urban rural migration
life cycle
family life
employment success
(betterment)
133
impacts on rural area of rural urban migration
land abandoned
mental health in children deteriorates
CHINA children left behind
remittances $70bn india
134
what is urban renewal
replacing old buildings with new ones
converting land from one use to another
or redeveloping and improving
135
why does urban renewal occur in the centre of cities
```
deterioration of buildings
poor living conditions
inefficient use of central land
profitability of redevelopment
traffic and congestion
```
136
why might some countries receive more refugees than others
```
proximity to the country suffering (neighbouring country)
lack of border control
historical ties to country
welcoming to refugees
peaceful (refugees from war zones)
```
137
why does rural migration occur in LEDCs
poor economic and living conditions
environmental deterioration
resettlement or development
perception of wealth
economic opportunity
health and education
138
advantages of rural urban migration on source area
reduced pressure on resources
remittances
experience of urban dwellers is empowering
139
disadvantages of rural urban migration on the source areas?
loss of able bodied
loss of culture and ideas
remittances reliance
economic consequences
140
factors that might limit the ability of people to migrate
physical - oceans mountains swamps/ physical wellbeing
economic - financing migration, transport, housing costs, employment
social - family size, age, culture, education
political - migration policy
141
describe how pull factors may be unrealistic
distorted by perception of migrant eg streets paved with gold or exaggerated by returning migrants
lack of knowledge or communication
distorted for political or explorative gain
142
impacts of urban rural migration in LA
SMOG
INNER CITY DECLINE
SOCIAL SEGREGATION
143
describe how urban rural migration has lead to an increase in smog in LA
```
rise in commuters from suburbs
congested freeways
local air systems
leads to air pollution
10 million car owners
only 10% use PT to commute
```
144
describe how urban rural migration has lead to an inner city decline in LA
dereliction and concentration of poor people
less inclined to use CBD services
industry move for greenfield sites, cheap land
Long Beach lost 1 million jobs
homelessness and higher crime rates
145
describe how urban rural migration has lead to an increase in social segregation in LA
suburbs are wealthier
clusters of high income in centre with security and concierge
low income are crime hotspots
migrants settle for work as it is close to mexico
can't afford social services
form ethnic enclaves
146
suburban pull
```
accessibility
better school and services
higher safety
cheaper land larger property
out of town shopping centres
more open space
```
147
urban push
```
safety fears
high rent BID REMT
job decline
pollution
crowded housing
buisness sites
```
148
why has suburbanisation happened in LA?
```
huge land mass
few planning redirections
high average income
investment n transport network
cheap fuel
high personal mobility
decline in manufacturing
increase in public services
```
149
overall push factor in LA
central LA declined
poor and often semi derelict inner city
crime ridden
inhabited by bottom social eocnlmic class
150
overall pull factor in LA
suburbs offer better quality of life
space for a house with pool
roads schools hospitals shopping
ANERICAN DREAM
151
why is voluntary migration increasing?
increased mobility - advances in transport, reduced cost
modern media - increased knowledge of socio economic disparities between countries and political destinations
globalisation - work available melsewhere and strong pull factors
population growth - increasing concentrations of poeple in poverty stricken areas
152
political barriers to international migration
immigration law
border controls
visa permits
specifying particular skills
153
reducing rates of rural urban migration
increase opportunities in rural areas
growth of tourism
agricultural development
DISINCENTIVES
need for permits
Houkou (china's
media
154
why does urban urban migration occur?
stepped migration within the urban hierarchy
education and employment, retirement
job opportunities
quality of life
access to services
155
positive consequences of rapid urban growth in LEDC
industry - demand for labour met with sufficient population
large pool of cheap and available labour attract TNC
multiplier effect
relieved pressure on rural areas
156
negative consequences of rapid urban growth in LEDC?
```
unemployment
unplanned growth with loss of agricultural land and unsafe building
demand for housing outstrips supply
squatter settlements
congestion
growth in crime
rural decline as lack of working population
reliance on remittances
```
157
why is there a higher rate of urbanisation in many LEDC?
stage of urbanisation cycle
rural urban migration STRONG PUSH PULL FACTORS
high natural increase
158
why do people migrate from cities in old age
rural areas
```
no longer need to be near employment
pension is a cheaper place to live
health is declining so less polluted
more healthy or restful
family no longer need to be near schools
```
159
list the ways in which countries can control international migration
```
quotas
visas
work permits
physical barriers
entry exit criteria
```
160
list the reasons why countries attempt to control international migration
control the nature and number of migrants
161
refugee
person outside their country
owing to well founded fear of persecution (race religion politics)
asylum seekers that are granted refugee status
162
impacts of a refugee flow on a receiving area
Tension
Charity response
Disease
163
what do push pull factors determine
```
numbers moving
reason they move
ease of movement
character of migrants
opportunities in receiving areas
```
164
effects of emigration on population growth rates in LEDCs
young adults economically active generally
reproductive fall in population growth rates
enhanced if imbalanced migration stream
reduced population growth rates of families split delaying marriages
longer turn effect of reducing there next generation POPULATION MOMENTUM
165
impacts of refugees on a receiving area
```
refugee camp
cost
food supply
health issue
friction with local pop
```
increased labour supply
population growth
political unrest
