Population distribution

Question 1

What is clumped dispersion pattern

Answer 1

Animals live in small groups
uneven food distribution
abundant food
ex. fish

Question 2

What is the biological hierarchy of org

12 samoctooopce

Answer 2

subatomic
atom
molecule
organelle
cell
tissure
organs
organ systems
organism
population
community
ecosystem

Question 3

What are the 4 advantages of clumped pop dispersion

Answer 3

better mating
more protection
better hunting
child rearing

Question 4

What are characteristics of random pop dispersion

Answer 4

not many needs or there are plenty of resources
uniform food
abundant food
ex. plants, weedsW

Question 5

What are chars of uniform pop dispersion

Answer 5

Competing for food
uniform food
scarce food
ex. birds of prey

Question 6

What are the 3 sampling method

Answer 6

Quadrat, transect, mark recapture

Question 7

Which sampling mthod involves lines

Answer 7

transect

Question 8

Chars of quadrat method

Answer 8

toss a square count stuff inside and use as ratio
for small, slow orgs
easy, cheap
bad on uneven ground and clumps

Question 9

Chars for transect method

Answer 9

involves a line whre observations are done
for large and small animals
can be more mobile, accurate, uneven ground
expensive and labourous

Question 10

Chars of mark recapture mthod

pros, cons

Answer 10

capture, mark, release and recapture and get data
any type of animal
however you must capture animals until you get a marked one
and factors could lead to innacurate data
(animal learning, birth, death, migration)

Question 11

What is the equation for density

Answer 11

D = N/A
equation for Quadrat
D = N/A = Ntotal/Atotal

Question 12

Crude density vs ecological density

Answer 12

of indiv in the total area of habitat
usually lower density
less accurate
vs
# of indive in the total area of livable habitat
does not count the areas where the org could not live
usually higher
not useful when habitat changes as species develops

Question 13

Niche meaning and relation to other species

Answer 13

All the factors that a species needs to thrive
niche can change depending on other species in area

Question 14

What Is replacement rate

Answer 14

The rate of which people need to reproduce to replace themselve
usually higher than 2, lower is better, more developed

Question 15

What bio hierarchy does pop dynamics cover

Answer 15

Ecosystem
community
population

Question 16

What bio hierarchy does endocrine and excretory system cover

Answer 16

organism
organism systems
organs
tissues

Question 17

What bio hierarchy does the metabolic process cover

Answer 17

cellj
organelle
molecules

Question 18

What bio hierarchy does biochem cover

Answer 18

molecule
atom
subatomic

Question 19

What is clumped dispersion pattern
(resources dist and abund,interactions, ex)

Answer 19

Resources - uneven and abundant
positive interactions
fish schools, mussel

Question 20

What is Random dispersion pattern
(resources dist and abund,interactions, ex)

Answer 20

Resources - uniform, abundant
neutral
plants and weeds

Question 21

What is Uniform dispersion pattern
(resources dist and abund,interactions, ex)

Answer 21

Resources - uniform and scarce
neg interactions
birds of prey (not penguins)

Question 22

Describe type 1 demo graph and meaning
(mortality, offspring, gestation, parental, size, ex)

Answer 22

Gradual decline in beginning
suddenly steep
things die of old age
Mortality - late
offspring - few
gestation - long
parental - long
org size - large
ex - elephants

Question 23

Describe type 2 demo graph and meaning
(mortality, offspring, gestation, parental, size, ex)

Answer 23

decline is constant, death always likely
Mortality - mid
offspring - mid
gestation - mid
parental - mid
org size - small
ex - birds, reptile

Question 24

Describe type 3 demo graph and meaning
(mortality, offspring, gestation, parental, size, ex)

Answer 24

Steep decline in beginning
Slower decline as age increases
Mortality - early
offspring - many
gestation - short
parental - short
org size - small
ex - sea turtle

Question 25

What is fecundity

Answer 25

the ability for a species to produce offspring average kids women makes in lifetime

Question 26

What factors affects fecundity | 6

Answer 26

age of sexual maturity max reproductive age gestation period num of kids amt of parent care sex ratio

Question 27

Examples of density independent pop factors

Answer 27

Natural distubances Climate change Pollution(all except humans)

Question 28

Examples of density dependent pop factors 4

Answer 28

predations disease competition for resourcs allee effect

Question 29

What is sampling in terms of population study | uses

Answer 29

take data from a large area and use it to estimate data on whole for pop size, density, dispersion (quadrat, transect, mark and recapture )

Question 30

What is survey in terms of population study

Answer 30

Everything is counted in the calculation for pop size, density, dispersion not an estimation

Question 31

What is tracking in terms of population study

Answer 31

Monitors indiv animals for behavior, migration patterns, dispersion

Question 32

what is the total area occupied by a population called

Answer 32

Geological range

Question 33

What is the specific environment a pop can live that is determined by biotic and abiotic factors

Answer 33

Habitat

Question 34

What is population meaning

Answer 34

group of a species that live in a particular area

Question 35

What is a cohort

Answer 35

Group of of indivs of around the same age

Question 36

What is demography

Answer 36

Study of the factors that affect population size study of the changes in characteristics of a population

Question 37

dif between logistic and exponential growth

Answer 37

Exponential is when there is unrestricted growth, theoretical only accounts for intrinsic factors Logistic is what actually happens, plateaus

Question 38

What is carrying capacity

Answer 38

Max pop envmt can carry

Question 39

What is predation interaction, ex

Answer 39

pos- neg rabbit , lynx pop changes sinusoidal , lynx pop follow rabbit pop

Question 40

what is herbivory interaction and ex

Answer 40

pos-neg can be pos neutral leaf cutter ants plant does not always die from it

Question 41

What is symbiosis interaction and ex

Answer 41

interaction can vary species having physically close ecological association with each other - live tgt, long term obligate or facultative

Question 42

what is batesian vs mullerian mimicry

Answer 42

Batesian - harmless org mimics harmful org Mullerian - harmful org mimics each others warning signal bc they share predator

Question 43

What is competition exclusion principle

Answer 43

2 species of same niche cannot coexist

Question 44

What are the defense mech

Answer 44

Camouflage mimicry structural behavioral chemical

Question 45

What is structural defense mech, ex

Answer 45

When the defense is something to do with the outside, comes into contact with pred shell, spikes

Question 46

what is behavioral def mech, ex

Answer 46

Doing something to defend or flee playing dead, herding, mobbing school of fish, opossum

Question 47

what is chemical def mech, ex

Answer 47

org releases odours or poison to deter pred skunk, monarch butterflies

Question 48

What is camouflage def mech, ex

Answer 48

org has similar colouration to environment , for hiding mimic octopus, chameleon

Question 49

interspecific vs intraspecific competition

Answer 49

intra - same species (mates, food) inter - diff species (food, space)

Question 50

interference vs exploitative competition

Answer 50

interference - org directly limits other orgs access to resouces (usually by harming indiv) ex . lions take food from cheetahs exploitative - org limits other org access to resource because they are better (indirect) ex. birds and ants looking for seedsW

Question 51

what is resource partitioning and application to competition exclusion princip

Answer 51

species will take diff parts from the same habitat to avoid competition allows species with similar or overlapping niches to coexist ex. 2 types of barnacles on a rock

Question 52

How have humans counteracted neg impact of increasing pop (food, space, disease, defense)

Answer 52

food - gardens, greenhouses space - build up disease- vaccines, healthcare defense - weapons, tanks, guns

Question 53

pos and negs of domestion of animals

Answer 53

p - protection, food, workers n - takes up resources, possible disease

Question 54

pos and negs of agriculture

Answer 54

p - more food, govt, jobs, village living n - rotting, pesticides, diff diet, pollution

Question 55

pos and negs of industrial rev

Answer 55

p - jobs, new materials, efficiency, transportation, low cost n - pollution, deforestation, wage cap, bad working conditions

Question 56

What is ecological deficit

Answer 56

resources used and waste that exceed biocapacity

Question 57

What is doubling time

Answer 57

time it takes for a given pop to double in size

Question 58

What are the phases of demographic transition model

Answer 58

5 preindustrial transitional 1 transitional 2 ind post ind

Question 59

chars of pre ind on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)

Answer 59

birth r - high lots of death death r - high disease growth - stable

Question 60

chars of trans 1 on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)

Answer 60

birth r - high has not realized yet death r - falling more food, meds, trade growth - rapid increase

Question 61

chars of trans 2 on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)

Answer 61

birth r - rapid fall higher cost of kids, women rights death r - stable old age growth - increase

Question 62

chars of industrial phase on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)

Answer 62

birth r - low family planning death r - low new meds growth - stable high

Question 63

chars of post ind on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)

Answer 63

birth r - falling death r - low, rising growth - decrease

Question 64

What is the equation for mark and recapture sampling method?

Answer 64

num of recaptures in second catch / total num in second catch = num of total marked indiv / total pop

Question 65

How do you calculate logistic growth rate

Answer 65

Delta N = rmax * N *((K-N)/K)

Question 66

What is (K-N)/K

Answer 66

what fraction of carrying capacity is still available