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Biology 12 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

f

what are singular units of macromolecule called

A

monomar

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2
Q

What do 2 or more monomers make

A

polymer

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3
Q

What is metabolism

A

sum of all reactions that take place in cell

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4
Q

what is anabolism

A

reactions that build macromolecules

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5
Q

What is catabolism

A

reactions that break macromolecules

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6
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

The addition of water to break a bond
one side gets H
other gets OH

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7
Q

what happens in a dehydration reaciton

A

2H and O is lost from 2 molecules
Forms a new bond between the molecules
dehydration synthesis aka condenstation

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8
Q

WHere are hydrogen bonds found in nucleic acid

A

WHen the base pairs link
A - T
G-C
They are bonded with hydrogen bonding

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9
Q

Where are hydrogen bonds found in proteins

A

When the polypeptides form the secondary structure
The form hydrogen bonds with close by polypeptides
(alpha helix or beta sheet)
Also tertiary structure between polar R group

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10
Q

Where are hydrogen bonds in carbohydrates

A

In cellulose,
called crosslinks
parallel polysaccharides
OH connected to 4th and 6th carbon in parallel
microfibrils - 80 cellulose polymers held tgt by cross links

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11
Q

Describe Carbohydrates (monomer, polymer, linkage,)

A

monosaccharide
polysaccharide
glycosidic lingage

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12
Q

Describe protein (monomer, polymer, linkage,)

A

amino acid
polypeptide
peptide bond

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13
Q

Describe lipids (monomer, polymer, linkage,)

A

made from carbons and hydrogens
triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids
ester bond

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14
Q

What are the types of lipids (5)

A

Fat
steroids
carotenoids
phospholipids
wax

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15
Q

functions of lipids (4)

A

Long term energy storage
insulation
structural component of cell
chemical messenger (hormones )

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16
Q

Describe nucleic acid (monomer, polymer, linkage,)

A

nucleotides
DNA or RNA
phosphodiesterase bond (phospho, sugar )
hydrogen bond (base, base )
N glycosidic bond (base, sugar )

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17
Q

What are pyrimidines

A

one 6 sugar
uracil, THymine - 2 HBONd
Cytosine - 3 HBond

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18
Q

Nucleotide vs nucleoside

A

nucleotide - nitrogen base+ pentose sugar +1-3 phosphate
nucleoside - nitrogen base + pentose sugar

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19
Q

What are purines

A

HAve 5 and 6 sugar
2 rings
Adenine - 2 Hbond
Guanine - 3 Hbond

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20
Q

What does the Benedicts test test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)

A

reducing sugar
neg Blue
Pos orange

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21
Q

What does Bieuret test test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)

A

proteins
neg blue
Pos purple

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22
Q

What does iodine test test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)

A

Carbs
Neg yellow orange
pos black

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23
Q

What does sudan IV test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)

A

lipids
neg slightly red
Pos red

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24
Q

How do you classify monosaccarides

A

Carbonyl group
Aldehyde - aldose
ketone - ketose
Length
Triose - 3c
Pentose - 5c
Hexose - 6c

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25
Alpha vs beta orientation carb ring structre
Alpha means OH on anomeric carbon is down Beta means OH on anomeric carbon is up relative to CH2OH
26
Reducing sugar vs non reducing sugar
Reducing - at least one anomeric carbon has OH on non reducing - no anomeric carbon has OH on it all monosaccharides are reducing sugars
27
What 2 functional groups are part of cyclizing of carb
The hydroxyl group of second last carbon and Ketone/aldehyde
28
What are the 4 hexose sugars | and their diffs
Glucose - down up down galactose - down up up mannose - up up down fructose - up down down
29
Glucose + glucose
Maltose
30
Glucose + galactose
Lactose
31
Glucose +fructose
sucrose
32
What are the functions of the diff forms of carb | 3
Fuel - monosaccharides and disaccharides Storage - polysaccharides: starch, glycogen structural support - polysaccharides: chitin, cellulose
33
Starch (function, location, branching)
storage for glucose found in plants - chloroplasts some branching
34
glycogen (function, location, branching) | branch location
storage for glucose found in animal - liver, muscles lots of branching - aasy access for enzymemakes it break down easy at alpha -1, 4 for normal at alpha 1 - 6 for branching
35
Cellulose (function, location, branching)
structural support found in plants - cell wall no branching - every other glucose is upside down (isnt always drawn like that) All of them are beta (beta -1,4)
36
Chitin (function, location, branching) diff from cellulose how?
structural supprt found in insects, fungi for exoskeleton - Has Nitrogen appendage at 5 carbon also has all beta beta 1, 4 linkage
37
What are the functions of protein (7) ssthrcde cehinaad
structural - collagen storage - egg white transport - hemoglobin hormonal - insulin receptor - nerve cell contractile - actin, myosin defensive- antibodies enzymic - digestive enzymes
38
Four major parts of amino acid
amino group carboxyl group hydrogn R group
39
What does amphiprotic mean
has both acidic and basic parts in it ex amino acid
40
how do side chains affect polarity/acidity of amino acid
Polar - R group has OH, dbl bonded O, SH at end Non polar - has just CH, ring, covered S Acidic - carboxylic acid. neg charge Basic - amino group, pos charge
41
What is the primary structure of protein (ex of importance)
unique sequence of Amino acids sequence determined by dna determines function ex sickle cell anemia
42
what is the secondary structure of protein
Alpha helix beta pleated sheet not found in all proteins
43
alpha helix va beta pleated sheet
Alpha - helix, coiled shape ex keretin Beta pleated sheet - 2 or more polypeptide chains are parallel ex spider silk
44
what is tertiary structure of protein
where it takes on 3d shape the interaction between the R groups where function is first seen
45
What are the bonds formed in tertiary structure
polar R groups - HBond, dipdip, iondip nonPolar R group - hydrophobic interaction charged R group - ion bond 2 cysteines - Disulfide bond (polar covalent bond between sulfurs )
46
what is quaternary structure of protein
not all proteins have it involves 2 or more polypeptides (subunits ) function is evident ex fibrous and globular shape
47
fibrous vs globular shape protein
quaternary structure fibrous- water insoluble, like rope, ex callogen globular - water soluble, ball shape ex hemoglobin
48
What are the main parts of triglyceride
gycerol and 3 fatty acids
49
saturated vs unsaturated fats | qualities and ex
saturated - single bonds, solids at rm temp, from animals ex butter, lard unsaturated - dbl bonds, liquid at rm temp, from plants ex olive oil
50
what are the parts of phospholipids
glycerol backbone 2 fatty acids - hydrophobic phosphate/polar group head - hydrophillic
51
amphipathic meaning
has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties
52
what is micelle
phospholipids make in water/polar thing spontaneously aggregate from hydrophobic interactions - single layer of phospholipids with head facing out, hydrophobic region on inside
53
steroid structure
3 6C rings 1 5C ring ex cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen counting starts on top of A (farthest from 5C)
54
Wax structure and properties
Long hydrocarbon chain can also have aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, ester (wax ester) soft solid very nonpolar has plastic properties
55
thermoplastic meaning and ex
Wax is a thermoplastic turns liquid when heated, cools into glassy state
56
types of wax and ex
Natural animal- beeswax natural plant -soy mineral- paraffin synthetic - polypropylene
57
carotenoid structure and property
very fat soluble 40C chain with cyclic end group alternating single and dbl bond
58
Importance of carotenoid in plants and animals
plants - algae, important in photosynthesis animals - retinol, pigment that absorbs light also serves as antioxident
59
what is common to all lipids
they are all non polar, not water soluble to some degree
60
How do saturation and length affect fluidity of lilpid
if unsaturated - more fluid due to kinks, harder to form solid structure shorter - more fluid, have less surface area, harder to solidify
61
3 parts that make up nucleotide
phosphate group base sugar (Ribose, deoxyribose)
62
What are the 2 types of pentose sugars for nucleic acid
ribose - 2 prime carbon has a hydroxyl group deoxyribose-2 prime carbon does not have hydroxyl group
63
What are the 5 bases (give ID)
Purines - 2 rings Adenine (no dblB O), Guanine Pyrimidines 1 ring Thymine (extra branch than U), cytosine (n going up), uracil
64
Which bases have 2 bond
Adenine, thymine, uracil
65
Which bases have 3 bonds
guanine, cytosine
66
What is nucleoside vs nucleotide
nucleotide - base, sugar, phosphate nucleoside - base, sugar
67
What are the ribose base name
Adenosine Guanosine Cytoside Thymidine uridine
68
What do each carbons do in nucleic acid sugar
5' connects to phosphate group 4' used in cyclizing 3' connected to lower phosphate 2' identifies ribose or not 1' connects to base
69
In what direction does nucleic acid grow in? what does other side do
5' to 3' downwards other side is anti parallel goes upwards
70
How does ladder analogy apply to DNA
Phosphate sugar backbone Bases are like the rungs on the ladder

Biology 12 (10 decks)

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