Cell Mechanics unit Flashcards

Question

Describe Desmosome, ANchoring proteins

Answer 1

bind to desmosomes in adjacent cell makes strong sheets attached to cytoskeleton to resist shear forces, mech strength bladder tissue

Answer 2

Attachment recognition

Answer 3

saturation of fatty acid hydrophobic restriction cholesterol, temp

Answer 4

unsaturated fatty acids keep the membrane more fluid makes it harder to compact the membrane,

Answer 5

Lateral - on same leaflet rotation - when molecs rotate around axis swing - tails swing from side to side flextion - contractile movement of tails Transverse diffusion - whole phospholipid switches side

Answer 6

related to hydrophobic restriction phospholipid moves from one leaflet to another with enzyme flippase rare because polar head must cross hyrophobic core

Answer 7

large, non polar effect depends on temp warm temp - makes less fluid by restricting movements of phospholipid cold temp - gets in the way of compacting the bilayer

Answer 8

Structure regulates fluidity

Answer 9

Passive - when goes with conct gradient Active- when goes against concentration gradient bulk membrane - for large moleculs

Answer 10

No energy used go from high concentration to low concentration area

Answer 11

Simple - does not need protein, for O2 and CO2 - until equilibrium is achieved Facilitated diffusion - needs transport protein (carrier, channel)

Answer 12

Channel - tunnel, some have swing gate - for ions (small charger molec) Carrier - revolving door, conformational change - can moves charged or uncharged (glucose)

Answer 13

Osmosis is passive transport needs aquaporins

Answer 14

Uniport - moves one thing at a time - channel prot Symport - moves 2 things at a time same direct - Na/glucose symporter Antiport - moves 2 things diff direct at time - Na/K pump

Answer 15

goes from high concentration of water to low concentration moves in direction of dilute to solute moves in opposite direction of solut

Answer 16

Outside env lower solute cont than inside solute moves out water moves in animal cell could burst (osmotic lysis) RBC - hemolysis Plant cell is good (turgid)

Answer 17

More solute conct on outside than inside solute moves in water moves out animals cell shrivels RBC - crenation plant cytoplasm shrinks away from cell wall (plasmolysis)

Answer 18

Same concentration of solute in and out animal cell is good RBC is at equilibrium PLant - flaccid

Answer 19

Good CFTR takes chlorine out Bad CFTR builds up concentration of chlorine in cell draws in more water with osmosis less water on outside causes mucus to form

Answer 20

Passive - no eng needed - goes with cont gradient Active- - needs eng (ATP) - goes against cont gradient - needs pump (like carrier prot)

Answer 21

Does not use transport protein for large molecules for large amts involces folding of membrane to make vesicle

Answer 22

endocytosis - pinocytosis - phagocytosis - receptor mediated endocytosis exocytosis

Answer 23

"eating" of cell ingest other cells or large particles uses vacuoles amoebas use to eat used to humans to defend body ex phagocyte (WBC)Ha

Answer 24

1 cell engulfs molecs with **Pseudopodia** 2 encloses molecs in **Vacuole** called **phagosome** 3 Lysosome fuses with it to become **phagolysosome** 4 lysosome digests the stuff inside 5 leaves behind **residual body** 6 vacuole disposes of res body outside

Answer 25

"drinking" of cell uses vesicles for dissolves materials(smaller stuff) anything can be ingested

Answer 26

Phago - for large molec, makes large vacuoles Pino - for small molec, makes vesicle

Answer 27

Ligand binds to receptor membrane becomes vesicle ligand detaches from receptor vesicle pinches into 2 parts - empty receptors - ligand Ligand part fuses with lysosome receptors return to cell surface

Answer 28

movement of materials from inside to outside of cell vesicles come from golgi body reverse of endocytosis

Answer 29

restoring cell membrane - keep up with endocytosis secreting - release waste and toxin from cell recycling of membrane proteins (receptors )

Answer 30

SImple - only has protein component COmplex - requires a cofactor in addition to protein body, Has 2 forms (apoenzyme, holoenzyme)

Answer 31

States of complex enzymes apoenzyme is inactive state due to not having cofactore holoenzyme is active form of enzyme with cofactor

Answer 32

Inorganic - metal ions (Zn, Cu, Fe) organic - vitamins in addition, they can be - prosthetic - permanently bonded to enzyme (Heme ) - coenzyme - reversible bonded to enzyme (NADH)

Answer 33

Usually made from protein Catalyst, speeds up reaction is reusable decreases activation energy ends in -ase (sucrase) can create or reverse productW has active site - substrate area enzyme only works on specific substrate

Answer 34

As substrate binds the enzyme changes to tighter fit brings in chem groups to catalyze reaction binding induces favorable change in enzyme

Answer 35

used for reactions that release energy shows how much energy is needed to start reaction energy given in heat eng amount it rises above beginning is Activation energy amount it goes below beginning energy is change in free energy ( Delta G)

Answer 36

Difference in free energy between start and products Negative in exorgonic reactions new bonds release more energy than the initial investment to break bonds not changed by enzymes

Answer 37

The amount of eng needed to start the reaction enzyme lowers the act eng reactants absorb eng, becoming unstable until bond breaks

Answer 38

1 proximity, orientation 2 bond strain - 3. microenvironment - R groups in enzyme make good env for reactants 4 covalent catalysis - bonds with reactants to help orient, change chem of active site

Answer 39

substrate concentration temp pH level availability of cofactors

Answer 40

molecule that bonds to enzyme, stops it from doing job can be reversible depending on connection can be competitive or non competitive

Answer 41

Comp - inhibitor binds to active site, directly blocks substrate non comp - inhibitor binds somewhere other than active site, changes the shape of enzyme to be ineffective

Answer 42

Makes curve less steep but reaches same height in the end add more substrate

Answer 43

lowers plateau of curve add more enzymes

Answer 44

used to regulate production of stuff, so as not to overdo product negative feedback

Answer 45

When the product is also the inhibitor of one of the enzymes in the chain that produces it cannot be inhibitor of last enzyme in chain

Answer 46

has second binding site, other than active site has 2 conformations (active, inactive) naturally oscillates between 2 conformations binding of effector can stabilize the shape

Answer 47

Binding site other than active site can be found in between subunits (where they join)

Answer 48

Something that binds to allosteric enzyme binds weakly allosteric activator - stabilizes active form allosteric inhibitor - stabilizes inactive form (same as non competitive inhibition)

Answer 49

regulation enzyme activity with effector in allosteric site causes inhibition or Activation

Answer 50

when the binding of one effector in one subunit effects all other subunits only occurs in enzymes with multiple subunits can increase or decrease productivity

Answer 51

pos - activator, in active site, allosteric (substrate binding, activator binding ) neg - inhibitor, only allosteric (some forms of noncomp inhibition)

Answer 52

no one example of positive cooperativity is the substrate causes other subunits to become better for other substrates

Answer 53

allosteric inhibition can be negative cooperativity cooperativity must have many subunits AlloInhib does not both must have allosteric enzyme, involve allosteric site

Answer 54

1. oxidoreductase 2. transferase 3. hydrolase 4. Lyase 5. isomerase 6. LIgase

Answer 55

First enzyme class F: shuffles electrons R: Redox reactiosn: electrons are moved around through transfer of H and O Dehydrogenase

Answer 56

class 2 F : moves chem groups R : transfers phosphates and methyl to other substrate ex. polymerase

Answer 57

class 3 F : breaks molecules with water R: hydrolysis reactions ex protease

Answer 58

class 4 F : break molecules without water R: removal or addition of groups ex. decarboxylase

Answer 59

class 5 F: changing molec shape R: shuffling atoms around in molec Ex: mutase

Answer 60

class 6 F : forming bonds between molec R: Dehydration synthesis, joining 2 molecules Ex synthetase

Answer 61

Is active transport antiport has 2 conformational states 3 Na + go out ATP is used 2 K+ goes in