position and time

Question 1

what is ground position?

Answer 1

the aircraft’s position on the surface of the earth vertically below.

Question 2

what is position line?

Answer 2

line the aircraft is known to be on at a certain time.

e.g physical feature - powerline, river

transit bearing, two or more features on the track

bearings from navigational aids

Question 3

what can two position lines do?

Answer 3

you can obtain a fix of your position, that is you can tell your exact ground position.

Question 4

what is dead reckoning?

Answer 4

estimating your position by using a previous fix, and then applying your speed and track from that point.

Question 5

example of dead reckoning. fix position is over okuku pass, tracking 45 degrees true and having a ground speed of 90kts. (1.5NM every minute) where would you expect your position to be after 10 minutes?

Answer 5

15nm further on the direction of 045degree T

Question 6

how is position reference found relative to a place name?

Answer 6

giving a position relative to a town or place, e.g. 6nm to the west of culverden

Question 7

how is position reference found relative to latitude and longitude? e.g a township of ngawi is at latitude 41 degrees 35’S and longitude 175 degrees 14’E

Answer 7

you would say this as latitude 41 degrees and 35 minutes south, longitude 175 degrees and 14 minutes east.

Question 8

what is height?

Answer 8

vertical distance of a point measured from a specified datum and includes vertical dimension of an object.

Question 9

what is elevation?

Answer 9

the vertical distance of a point, measured from sea level. in practice refers to the height of an object like a mountain.

Question 10

what is altitude?

Answer 10

vertical distanced of a point measured from mean sea level.

Question 11

what is mean sea level?

Answer 11

average level of the surface of one or more of earths bodies of water.

Question 12

what is AMSL?

Answer 12

altitude aka height above mean seal level.

Question 13

what is pressure altitude?

Answer 13

the altitude in the ISA with the same atmospheric pressure as that of the part of the atmosphere in question.

Question 14

explain the effect of a change in mean sea level air pressure on the altimeter reading of a transiting aircraft.

Answer 14

altimeter will read incorrectly. could read high or low

can lead to separation from other aircraft and terrain issues.

Question 15

explain the effect of a change in temperature on the altimeter reading of transiting aircraft.

Answer 15

pressure lapse rate is less in warm air than cold air meaning that this can cause issues with terrain clearance and separation from aircraft

Question 16

what are the altimeter setting rules in NZ?

Answer 16

airfract flying 13,000ft or below use QNH and FL150 use 1013.

Question 17

whar is the application table of crusing levels.

Answer 17

magnetic track between 270 and 89 degrees fly odd plus 500 ft

magnetic track between 269 and 90 degrees fly even plus 500ft

North Odd South Even

IFR flies using same rules but without plus 500ft

Question 18

what is the warning using NOSE?

Answer 18

only applies to magnetic track not magnetic heading or true track.

e.g required track = 092 degrees true variation = 23 east

92 - 23 = 69 so fly north + 500ft

Question 19

what is wind velocity?

Answer 19

the strength of the wind and its direction.

Question 20

what is headwind?

Answer 20

wind blowing directly infront of opposing motion

Question 21

what is tailwind?

Answer 21

wind blowing in the direction of motion.

Question 22

what is crosswind?

Answer 22

a wind blowing across one’s direction of travel.

Question 23

what is heading?

Answer 23

the direction in which an aircraft is pointing

Question 24

what is track?

Answer 24

the actual path that the aircraft takes over the ground, caused by the aircraft movement and the wind.

Question 25

what is drift?

Answer 25

the angular difference between the heading steered by the pilot and the track of the aircraft over the ground.

Question 26

what is wind correction angle?

Answer 26

angle between the heading of the aircraft and its desired track over the ground.

Question 27

what is port?

Answer 27

left

Question 28

what is starboard

Answer 28

right

Question 29

what is track made good?

Answer 29

the actual track of the aircraft over the ground. can be given in true or degrees magnetic.

Question 30

what is track error?

Answer 30

the difference between the track require and the track made good. caused by over or under correcting for wind or nav error and is measured in degrees true or magnetic.

Question 31

what is the closing angle?

Answer 31

angle required to bring your aircraft back to the Track required at a given distance.

Question 32

what is ATA?

Answer 32

actual time arrival

Question 33

what is ATD?

Answer 33

actual time departure

Question 34

what is eet?

Answer 34

estimated elapsed time

Question 35

what is the 1:60 rule?

Answer 35

if your TMG is 1 degree off from track required then after 60nm you will be 1nm from where you should be.

Question 36

what happens if you are more than 1 degree off?

Answer 36

if you are 5 degrees off track then after 60nm you’ll be 5nm from where you should be.

similarly if you are off by 10, after only 30nm you will be 5nm from where you wanted to be and after 60nm you’d be double so 10nm out of place.