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Psych 2BA3 > Positive States of mind and being - Part 1 > Flashcards

Positive States of mind and being - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

WHat was the one general point of agreement b/w west and east philosophy?

A

material world unpleasant; to be transcended → to live a more fulfilled and happy life

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2
Q

When is transcendence possible according to western philosophy?

A

mostly after death → Western thought, could not be achieved in our own lives
• Not many opportunities to get beyond the unpleasantness of the material world while we are still alive

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3
Q

When is transcendence possible according to eastern philosophy?

A

transcendence possible during life, personal ability to transcend the unpleasant material world while we are here

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4
Q
  • Philosophy and religion _____ in West and separate from psychology, _______ in the East
A
  • seperate, intertwined
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5
Q
  • Western religion is not about the human mind, it is about :
A

transcendence from above, and divine gift of salvation

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6
Q
  • East says more about _____ than the west
A

psychology : who we are and what we do

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7
Q

What is hedonia versus eudaimonia

A

living a life of Pleasure vs. living a life of virtue

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8
Q

What is the ultimate goal according to hedonism?

A

pleasure, we want to be happy

  • Pursue pleasure whenever it shows up
  • Present pleasures should not be deferred for the sake of future pleasures
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9
Q

Accoding to hedonism what shouldn’t we be dominated by?

A
  • Not be dominated by our carnal pleasures → controlled or managed
  • We should control, not be controlled by our pleasures
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10
Q

What does pleasure include according to hedonism?

A

mental pleasure, love, friendship, moral contentment
- Sensual pleasures, however, intellectual life, curiosity, wisdom, knowledge, exploration, friendship, moral contentment

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11
Q

Who was associated with hedonism

A

Aristippus

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12
Q

Was aristotle associated with hedonistic or Eudaimonic philosophies?

A
  • Eudaimonic (living the good life of virtue)
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13
Q

What are the 2 kinds of virtue?

A

1) Moral virtue: subordinate sensual appetites to reason
• To reason, mentally control urges, suppress and redirect → Freud
• through practice, not human nature → engage in behaviours that control/redirect innate energies = control them, and pleasure in controlling (pride)
• Moderating desires
2) Intellectual Virtue: wisdom, understanding
• Acquired by teaching → began schools in Athens to teach these things
• Self-understanding
• Knowing the world around us and others

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14
Q

what is better hedonistic or Eudaimonic pleasures?

A

Best to have a mixture of both

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15
Q

Eudaimonic pleasures are primarily associated with

A

positively associated with positive affect, emotionality and negatively associated with negative affect

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16
Q

Peaople who persue Eudaimonic goals have…

A

greater sense of self satisfaction, fulfillment, connectedness to the world around them

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17
Q

hedonic pleasures have advantages in the ____ term but eudaimonic have a ____ term advantage

A

short, long

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18
Q

how old is hinduism?

A

more than 8000 years ago (route from which Buddhism sprang)

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19
Q

What is the goal of life according to hinduism?

A

ultimate self-knowledge and self-betterment (becoming more of who you are, a better person, gain wisdom, self-knowledge)

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20
Q

Define the notion of Karma (Hinduism)

A

during each life we gain partial understanding and don’t get perfect understanding and so are reborn, status of birth depends on how much self-understanding and virtue we gained in previous life, until we have so much self-understanding they we do not need to be reborn

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21
Q

what improves our position when reincarnated

A
  • Partial understanding and good works (?)
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22
Q

how do we lose touch with our real self? (according to hinduism)

A

due to involvement with our physical self and its search for happiness
- too attached to material world

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23
Q

How are we liberated from unhappiness and reincarnation (hinduism)

A
  • By achieving awareness of our true self and ultimate reality (Brahman)
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24
Q

what is the foundation of Chinese civilization, even modern civilization

A

Confucianism

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25
Q

What is the focus of confucianism?

A

Focus on relationships with others and how we fit in to the society

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26
Q

What must we attain according to confucianism?

A

Must attain virtue and morality

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27
Q

what are the five virtues central to a moral life (confucianism)?

A
  1. Humanity (benevolence, charity, love): behaving well towards others
  2. Propriety (sensitivity to others; etiquette): expect, good manners, awareness of others
  3. Duty (appropriate treatment of others): behaviour towards others, the Western golden rule, do not do to others what you would not want done to yourself
  4. Wisdom: understanding how things are, seeing things clearly (no ego defence)
  5. Honesty: truthfulness
    The way to live a good life has never been a secret but we forget, and it can be difficult to do some of these things
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28
Q

Which philosopher was associated with Taoism?

A

Maslow

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29
Q

How do taoists view “striving”?

A
  • Striving is vain and counterproductive: should do things naturally, going with the flow
30
Q

What is the most important goal in Taoism?

A
  • Naturalness and spontaneity in life

humanity, justice, temperance, and propriety must be practiced without effort

31
Q

Shouldn’t seem like work to do good for others is an idea from _____

A

Taoism

32
Q

Without ____ there is no desire, without desire there is ________
-Taoism

A

form (material things), tranquility

33
Q

Where is Buddhism most influencial?

A

in the West

34
Q

Who was the founder of Buddhism?

A

Siddhartha Gautama; 5th-6th century BCE

  • son of indian king
  • rasied in palace then saw suffering adn was appauled
  • became enlightened adn began to preach what he found/how to achieve it
35
Q

Buddha as a _______ psychologist

A

cognitive
• Power of mind
• What we can do psychologically to achieve better states of well-being

36
Q

Human problems arise from what according to buddhism?

A

problems arise from the way we think

similar to Bandura and Mischel → real issue is how we think about things

37
Q

What is personality according to buddhism?

A

• Personality → how we view the word

38
Q

What is pathology according to Buddhism

A

do not result from experience but form the ways we interpret and deal with those experiences

39
Q

What is the middle way? (Buddhism)

A

The eight fold path - not too much, not to little → middle way between indulgence and asceticism

40
Q

The nature of things is excepted in the _____

A

West - but not a major part

41
Q

fixed unchanging entities are what?

A

an illusion → way that the brain deals with the world

• No such thing as permanence

42
Q

Acording to Bandura and mischel, everything is _____ and ____ process

A

a changing and ephemeral process

→ personality as always changing

43
Q

Everything is interconnect in a web of ____ and _______

A

causes and conditions

• Any change would change the outcome

44
Q

What is the Quantam Theory (Buddhism/physics)?

A

→ very successful theory: basic matter, photons, electrons, does not exist until observed
• The world does not exist until human beings look at it

45
Q

what is meant by the quantum and the lotus

A

where science and Buddhism meet

46
Q

What are the 4 noble truths?

A

1) Life is filled with suffering (western philosophy, Ex: birth trauma, aging, disease)
2) Suffering is caused by ignorance of reality, and our attachment and craving
• Hunger’s not suffering, wanting food is
3) Suffering can be ended by overcoming ignorance (Wisdom will conquer suffering)
4) Relief from suffering comes through the Eightfold path
• Self-actualization = Nirvana

47
Q

What is the eight fold path?

A

1) The right view: to see and understand things as they really are
2) Right intention: commitment to mental and ethical self-improvement
3) Right speech: truthful, gentle speak only when necessary (avoid lying or hurting others with words)
4) Right action: kind, compassionate, honest, respect goods of others
5) Right livelihood: earn a righteous, peaceful living (don’t make money from others suffering - weapons/poison)
6) Right effort: work toward wholesome states of mind
7) Right mindfulness: see things and concepts clearly; be aware
8) Right contemplation, or meditation: concentration on wholesome thoughts and actions

48
Q

What are the 4 functions of meditation?

A
  1. Focusing (no mind wandering)
  2. Developing mindfulness: awareness of things as they are in the moment outside and inside me
  3. Desensitizing oneself (in fears - flooding/implosive therapy)
  4. Seeking understanding (sense of self, see world as it is - highest/difficult function of mediation)
49
Q

What are the 3 types of mindfulness?

A

• Body mindfulness: what is physically happening in your body, focus on the breath first)
o focusing muscle tension,
• Feelings mindfulness: you do not judge or evaluate the things that you are aware of
o Conveyor belt ex: observe them as they past,

•Thought mindfulness: notice the thoughts and let them go
o Obsessive thoughts and fears causing us suffering
o Don’t evaluate or judge,

50
Q

What are the 2 meanings of Nirvana?

A
  1. This world meaning
    • The good life on earth – defined as the perfect understanding of the world as it is
  2. More spiritual meaning
    • Perfect understanding after death
51
Q

What are the universal virtues?

A

→ All about our relationships with others
• Loving Kindness: Doing good for others
• Altruistic joy: Taking pleasure in the successes of others
• Compassion: Caring for others in time of trouble
• Equanimity: Not indifference – it means evenness of mind that can’t be upset by gain/loss, pleasure/pain. Inner equipoise.

52
Q

what is the pinnacle of the divine abodes

A

Equanimity

53
Q

What has Dalai Lama done?

A
  • Illuminates what’s happening in the brains of people undergoing meditation
  • Wrote many books about being happy
54
Q

Maslow has closest ties to ____ ideas

A

buddhist

55
Q

What are the 2 kinds of Motivation Maslow sees?

A

1) Deficiency motivation; D-cognition (98%)
o Narrowness of focus: ignore what is not relevant to our needs
o Activity: striving to achieve needs

2) Self-actualization; B-cognition:
o >5% transcend D-cognition, satisfying all needs and become guiding by B-values
o You aren’t driven by them you value them
o purely expressive – be who you are
o Non-striving, passive, broad appreciation/perception of the world
o Passivity is NOT a bad thing

56
Q

Deficiency motivation is similar to what buddhist idea?

A

o Similar to Buddhist attachment – suffering is due to ignorance of how the world is and our attachment to material things and that they will solve our problems

57
Q

according to Maslow’s quote the higest motivation is:

A

to be unmotivated and non-striving

58
Q

According to maslow’s quote what is self actualization

A

to become everything that one is capable of becoming …“

59
Q

What are the 11 characteristics of the self actualized person?

A

1) Accurate perception of reality:
- what is there, not wishes/fears
• no verbal categories
2) Acceptance:
• Buddhist equanimity, accept without question/ uncritically
3) Spontaneity:
• don’t do things for affect on others –uniqueness is who they are
4) Problem-centered
• outside not ego centered
• help others, give love
5) Comfort with solitude
-work things out on their own
6) Autonomy
• Self directedness - propelled by growth motivation
7) Fresh appreciation:
8) Human Kinship:
• Identify w broadest set of individuals
• Deep sympathy/affection for humans in general
9)Humility and respect:
• unaware of class, race, religion -respect for all
• aware they lack knowledge/are imperfect
10) Deep interpersonal relationships (few)
11) Peak experiences:
• Buddhist right view/mindfulness
•Brief (minutes), intense period of B-cognition

60
Q

which trait of the self actualized person is identical to mindfulness in Buddhist thought

A

Accurate perception of reality

61
Q

Why did Maslow and Rogers initially support the drug culture

A

because they stripped away our tendency to see the world in man made categories and see the world as it is.

62
Q

who said we have an equally strong need to give love as to recieve it

A

Maslow

63
Q

Which trait is similar to Buddhist compassion, loving-kindness

A

Human kinship

64
Q

What are the 2 triggers for peak experiences

A

1) Object oriented peak experiences (loved one, painting, sunset),
2) philosophical or religious peak experience (much more global significant and are in some way s grandeur)

65
Q

What are the 12 characteristics of a peak experience?

A 
1) Wholeness and Unity
• one small part of the world (ie. lovers face)perceived as all of the world 
2) Full absorption
• Percept is exclusively attended/Richness of detail, 
3) Richness of perception
•  the more you see something the more you see in it
4) Sense of human irrelevance
• nature = being not thing to be used
• See true nature of the object itself
5) Ego transcendent perception
• ego-less, Unmotivated
• fusion of the perceiver and perceived 
6) Spatial, temporal disorientation
7) Always a positive experience
8) Provides a different view of reality
• a truer reality - indescribable 
9) Passive rather than active
• choiceless/desireless awareness
10) Experienced as awesome, wonderful
•piercing quality – desirable pain
11) Compassion
• complete loving acceptance of the world
12) Falling away of negative emotions
•loss of fear, anxiety, control
66
Q

Maslow praises freuds concept of

A

free floating attention

• Allowing things to come in without choosing

67
Q

What personal changes occur in the individual during a peak experience

A 
become More:
• integrated(whole)
• spontaneous/expressive, •effortless/natural
• fully functioning 
• in charge (make decisions)
• creative/unmotivated
• unique
• ego-less (one with the world)
68
Q

What happens AFTER a peak experience to the individual?

A
  • Remove neurotic symptoms: It’s therapeutic
  • self-awareness
  • Change views of others: more caring/sympathetic
  • Creativity released
  • Wants to repeat the experience (but can be planned)
  • Life seems worthwhile/valuable
69
Q

what is Acceptance in Buddhist philosophy?

A

equanimity

70
Q

maslows 8 fold way ego denses is similar to what attribute of the 8 fold path

A

Buddhist right view

71
Q

wisdom in confucianism is the same as Maslow’s idea of

A

no ego defenses?

Psych 2BA3 (11 decks)

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