POST LAB MIDTERMS Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
The reaction of the _____ of most plants is
acidic and some tissues
such as unripe fruits and
leaves are acidic even to
the taste.
This acidity is due to _____.
A
cell sap; organic acids
2
Q
______are of
fundamental importance in all
plant species.
A
Organic acids
3
Q
Involved in many and diverse
metabolic pathways:
A
- energy production
- carbon storage
- stomatal conductance
- biosynthesis of amino acids
- plant-microbe interactions
- mechanism allowing plants
to deal with excess cations
v changing osmotic conditions
4
Q
Plant Acids
Best known of these plant
constituents are:
A
- Oxalic acid
- Tartaric acid
- Malic acid
- Citric acid
- Succinic acid
5
Q
Plant Acids
Less known but of equally
wide distribution and
importance:
A
• Isocitric acid
• Fumaric acid
• Oxaloacetic acid
• Ketoglutaric acid
6
Q
Oxalic acid chemical formula:
A
C2H2O4
7
Q
Oxalic acid IUPAC name?
A
Ethanedioic acid
8
Q
Colorless crystalline solid that
dissolves in water to give colorless
solutions
A
Oxalic acid
9
Q
Oxalic acid solubility?
A
Solubility: very soluble in ethanol, slightly soluble in ether
10
Q
Used in bleaching, as metal cleaners,
and as rust removers. It is also used as
a reducing agent.
A
Oxalic acid
11
Q
Tartaric acid chemical formula?
A
C4H6O6
12
Q
Tartaric acid IUPAC name?
A
2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid
13
Q
Tartaric acid solubility?
A
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
14
Q
White, crystalline organic acid that occurs
naturally in many fruits, most notably
in grapes (_____ _____) but also
in bananas, tamarinds, and citrus.
A
Vitis vinifera; tartaric acid
15
Q
Substitute for citric acid in buffer systems and
in effervescent formulations.
A
Tartaric acid
16
Q
Malic acid chemical formula?
A
C4H6O5
17
Q
Malic acid IUPAC name?
A
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
18
Q
Malic acid solubility?
A
Solubility: Soluble freely in water
19
Q
Malic acid
In combination with _____, may be
helpful for some with ______
A
magnesium; fibromyalgia
20
Q
§ Make a wine taste tart, although the
amount decreases with increasing fruit
ripeness
A
Malic acid
21
Q
Malic acid source?
A
Pyrus malus (Apple) &
Prunus malus (Cherry) Family Rosaceae
22
Q
Succinic acid chemical formula?
A
C4H6O4
23
Q
It is a dicarboxylic acid, a colorless, odorless crystal.
A
Succinic acid
24
Q
Succinic acid IUPAC name?
A
butanedioic acid
25
- Used as a food additive and dietary supplement
- Created as a byproduct of the fermentation of sugar
Succinic acid
26
Citric acid chemical formula?
C6H8O7
27
- Colorless, crystalline acid
- Exists in a variety of fruits and vegetables,
most notably citrus fruits
- First isolated in 1784 by the chemist
Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who crystallized it
from lemon juice
Citric acid
28
Citric acid
Obtained also by fermentation of glucose with the aid of
the mold ___________ and can be obtained
synthetically from _____/_____
Aspergillus niger; acetone or glycerol.
29
- Used as an acidulant in creams, gels, liquids, and
in effervescent formulations
- Systemic alkalinizers and anticoagulant citrate
solution phosphate dextrose solution.
- Excellent chelating agent
- Used as flavoring agent
- Used as a metal cleaner and to reduce pH in canned foods
Citric acid
30
Extraction process of citric acid:
•Juice of citrus fruits by adding
_________ (lime from the
reaction of alkalinize juice and
Calcium chloride) to form calcium
citrate,
• The citric acid can be recovered
from its calcium salt by adding _______
calcium oxide; sulfuric acid
31
Organoleptic Evaluation of
Citric acid
•Color:
•Odor:
•Taste:
•Appearance:
Colorless
Citrus odor
Sour
Translucent crystals
32
Solubility
•5% CaCl2
• 5% lead acetate
•1g of Citric acid is soluble in
0.5mL of water
•Practically insoluble in cold
water.
•5% Lead acetate
• Soluble in lead acetate with
acetic acid
33
1 gram of mercuric oxide in a
mixture of 4 ml of strong
sulfuric acid and 20 ml of
distilled water
Denige's Test (Plant Acids)
34
•Denige’s
•1 gram of ________ in a
mixture of 4 ml of _____ and _____ of
distilled water
mercuric oxide; strong
sulfuric acid; 20 ml
35
Plant acids
•De-colorization of KMnO4
•Oxidation of citric acid
Denige's Test (Plants acids)
36
Plant Acids
Fluorescence's test
•______ fluorescence
• Formation of ________ derivatives due to
____$ solution
Blue
7-hydroxy coumarin; alkaline
37
These are compounds that yield one or
more sugars among the products of
hydrolysis
Glycosides
38
_____are
widely
distributed
throughout the plant kingdom and are
contained in various fruits, pigments
of flowers, seeds, bark and exudation of
plants.
Glycosides
39
Glycosides of animal origin are rare. The
aglycone fractions are mostly ____/______ structures, also including ______
structures.
cyclic or aromatic; steroids
40
Glycosides
_______ are phenolic plant
pigments generally containing ___________.
Flavonoids; γ-benzopyrone nucleus
41
Flavonoids includes _______&________. Other flavonoids are ______, _______, & _______.
anthocyanins and
leucoanthocyanins
cathechins, aurone, and chalcones
42
Flavonoid glycosides are _____
pigments in flowers and plants that have
demonstrated ______, _______, ______, & _______.
Yellow
anti-inflammatory, antiallergic effects, antithrombotic and
vasoprotective properties.
43
These plant constituents exert
antioxidant effects on ________ in the
body.
Flavonoids; free radicals
44
The glycosides can be classified
by the?????
glycone, by the type of
glycosidal linkage, and by the
aglycone.
45
On the basis of glycone:
Glucose - Glucoside
Fructose - Fructoside
Glucoronic acid - Glucoronide
46
Based on glycosidal linkage:
O-glycosides
N-glycosides
S-glycosides
C-glycosides
47
Based on aglycones:
Anthraquinone glycoside
- Senna, Aloe, Rhubarb
Sterol or Cardiac glycoside
- Digitalis, Squill
Saponin glycoside
- Dioscorea, Ginseng
Cyanophoric glycoside
- Bitter almond, Wild cherry bark
Thiocyanate and Isothiocyanate glycosides
- Black mustard, White mustard
Flavone glycosides
- Ginkgo
Aldehyde glycosides
- Vanilla
Phenol glycosides
- Bearberry
Steriodal glycosides
- Solanum
Bitter and Miscellaneous glycosides
- Gentian
48
Glycosides
Plant Source:
Plant family:
Uses: For ?
Lagundi (Vitex negundo) Verbenaceae
cough and asthma relief
49
Organic Evaluation of Glycosidic Extract
Color:
Odor:
Taste:
Appearance:
Color: Reddish brown
Odor: Fruity odor
Taste: Bitter taste
Appearance: Syrupy
50
Test for Flavonoids:
Bate-Smith and Metcalf test
Wilstatter "Cyanidin" Test
51
-test for leucoanthocyanins
- positive result
Bate-Smith and Metcalf test
strong red or violet
52
-test for γ – benzopyrone nucleus
- positive result
Wilstatter "Cyanidin" test
Green coloration at the
upper layer
53
___________
also used to detect the ybenzopyrone nucleus
Reduction of magnesium metal,
54
Test for saponin glycosides:
Froth Test
Liebermann-Burchard test
55
(For unsaturated sterols and triterpenes)
- positive result
Liebermann-Burchard test
blue to green, red ,pink, purple or violet
56
Test for Cardenolides and
Bufadienolides
Keller-killiani test
57
Test for 2–deoxy sugars
- positive result
Keller killiani test
reddish brown color, which may
turn blue or purple
58
Test for Anthraquinones
Borntrager's test
Modified Borntrager's test
59
Borntrager's test results
Modified Borntrager's test results
a red coloration in the lower
ammoniacal layer
a pink color
60
are defined as the set of
compounds that have an intense color
and are used in the coloring of other
materials.
Pigments
61
Pigments
These coloring substances are also called ______ or the ______,
which mainly refers to the _____
pigments.
biological pigments; biochromes; true
62
These ___pigments are insoluble
in water and are applied as ground
particles in solid form with the liquids.
Biological
63
Ether-soluble pigments
Plastid pigments: green
yellow pigments
64
Water-soluble pigments
Cell sap pigments
65
Types of plant pigments
• Chlorophyll
• Carotenoids
• Anthocyanins
• Flavonoids
66
• Green coloring pigment
in leaves and stem
Chlorophyll
67
Is in the colloidal state
associated with other
substances like
carotenoids, fats, and
waxes as well as the
enzyme _______.
Chlorophyll; chlorophyllase
68
Extracted either from
fresh or dried material
Chlorophyll
69
Chlorophyll Structure
• ______ [also
called ______] which are
linked together by
______ bridges (-CH=).
• four ______ and one
______ with ______ in the
center as the nucleus.
four pyrrole rings; porphyrin; methane
Carbon; nitrogen; magnesium
70
One pyrrole ring is
esterified with long chain
alcohol - ____
Phytol
71
Chlorophyll A and B
Chemical structure and group present
•Chlorophyll A
C55H72O5N4Mg
•lactam group
•Chlorophyll B
C55H70O6N4Mg
•lactone group
72
Chlorophyll
Present in green leaves proportion
(3:1)
73
Similarities of
Chlorophyll A and B
• Both contain __&__
• Both are ____$ in water
• ____$
• Colloidal particles are ____
• Colloidal solutions are
stabilized by weak _____ and
precipitate by ____
• Isolated in _____ form
but are found in ______
form
magnesium and
iron
insoluble
Fluorescent
electronegative
alkali; acids
crystalline; amorphous
74
Carotenoids are usually _____,_____&_____ pigments,
and include the familiar
compound _____, which
gives carrots their color.
red, orange, or yellow; carotene
75
These compounds are
composed of two small six
carbon rings connected by a
"chain" of carbon atoms.
Carotenoids
76
Approximately ____
carotenoids have been
described the occur
naturally
600
77
Carotenoids types:
Carotene
Xanthophyll
Fucoxanthin
78
Obtained from carrots
•Unsaturated HC
Carotene
79
lustrous rhombohydric
crystals w/c gives ______ color
by transmitted light
orange-red; carotene
80
Reflected light of carotene?
Blue
81
• Soluble in chloroform, CS2, and
benzene
•When exposed to air-bleached
•dissolves very well in pet. ether
Carotene
82
•Oxidized carotene judging from its
formula ______
Xanthophyll; C40H56O2
83
Xanthophyll
Pure state: crystallizes into _____
crystals which produce _____ color
by reflected light
• ___ color with transmitted light
Yellow; blue; yellow
84
• Soluble in chloroform and ether
but insoluble in petroleum ether
•When exposed to air-bleached
•more soluble in methyl alcohol
Xanthophyll
85
are colored watersoluble pigment belonging to the
phenolic group.
Anthocyanins
86
•The pigments are in glycosylated
forms.
• Responsible for the
colors, red, purple, and blue, are in
fruits and vegetables.
Anthocyanins
87
Berries, currants, grapes, and
some tropical fruits have high
______ content.
anthocyanins
88
Extraction process of chlorophyll
• Fresh gumamela leaves
• Plunged in a boiling water
• Principles
• to destroy the enzyme
because Chlorophyllase
is resistant to
temperature of boiling
water
• In order to melt fats
and waxes
• Shred
• Macerate with acetone
89
• petroleum ether layer
• contains chlorophyll _
• methyl alcohol layer
• contains chlorophyll _
A; B
90
Separation of Green and Yellow Pigments
Upper layer- Yellow Color
Lower Layer - Green color
91
naturally occurring complex organic
compounds possessing nitrogen-free
polyphenols of high molecular weight.
Tannins
92
They form a colloidal solution with water giving
acid reactions. They also precipitate proteins
and alkaloids.
Tannins
93
When applied on
a wound or injury, tannins form a ________ to prevent external irritation and thus
promote healing.
protective
coating
94
water-soluble phenolics of
molecular weight between ___&____
Tannins; 500-3,000
95
are mostly uncrystallizable substances that
form colloidal solutions in water
and in alcohol.
Tannings
96
Tannins are usually
subdivided into two groups:
• Hydrolysable tannins
• Non-Hydrolysable Tannins
Pseudotannins
97
Hydrolyzed by acids or enzyme and
produced _______&______
Hydrolysable tannins
Gallic and ellagic acid
98
Tannins derived from gallic acid are
known as?
Gallitannins
99
• Tannins from ellagic acid are known as?
Ellagitannins
100
On dry distillation, hydrolysable tannins
are converted to ______ derivatives.
pyrogallol
101
Soluble in water and their solution
produces _____ color with ferric chloride.
blue
102
hydrolyzed by mild acids or mild
bases to yield carbohydrate and
phenolic acids h
Hydrolysable tannins
103
Under the same conditions,
________ do not hydrolyze.
proanthocyanidins (condensed
tannins)
104
are also
hydrolyzed by hot water or enzymes
Hydrolysable tannins
105
are
more widely distributed than pyrogallol tannins.
Non-hydrolysable tannins
106
They are oligomers or polymers
of flavonoid units
(i.e., _______) linked by
carbon-carbon bonds not
susceptible to cleavage by
hydrolysis.
Non-hydrolysable tannins
Flavan-3-ol
107
are more often
called condensed tannins due to
their condensed chemical structure.
Proanthocyanidins
108
are
responsible for the wide array of
pink, scarlet, red, mauve, violet,
and blue colors in flowers, leaves,
fruits, fruit juices, and wines.
Anthocyanidin
109
• Resistant to hydrolysis
• Derived from flavonols, catechins, and
flavan-3, 4-diols.
Non-hydrolysable tannins
110
On treatment with acids or enzymes,
condensed tannins are converted into ?
Phlobaphenes
111
On dry distillation, condensed tannin
produced?
Catechol
112
Produces ____ color with ferric
chloride.
green
113
They are compounds of lower
molecular weight than true
tannins and they do not respond
to several confirmatory tests
Pseudotannins
114
TANNINS
Plant Material Used:
SN:
CN:
FN:
CN: Tsaang-gubat (Tag.),
Alangit (Bis.)
SN: Ehretia microphylla /
Carmona retusa Cav.
FN: Boraginaceae
115
______ of the leaves is prescribed as a
substitute for tea, for diarrhea with bloody
discharge, and for dysentery.
Tannins; Decoction
116
Dried leaves are boiled, the resulting fluid
being used internally as a cure for stomach
trouble. treating intestinal motility
Tannins
117
The root of tsaang gubat is used in southern India for ___&____, and as an antidote for
vegetable poisons.
cachexia and syphilis
118
Tsaang gubat
Also used as a mouthwash since the leaves
of this shrub have high _____ content
fluoride
119
Organoleptic evaluation of tannins:
• Color: Brown
• Odor: Characteristic odor
• Taste: Bitter
• Appearance: Syrupy
120
Goldbeaters skin test
Soak a small piece of goldbeater's skin
in 2% hydrochloric acid; rinse with
distilled water and place in the
solution to be tested for 5 min. Wash
with distilled water and transfer to a
1% solution of ferrous sulfate. A
brown or black color on the skin
denotes the presence of tannins.
121
is a membrane prepared
from the intestine of the ox and behaves
similarly to an untanned hide.
Goldbeaters skin test
122
These are esters of fatty acids that
contain a relatively high proportion of
liquid glycerides.
Fixed oils
123
Most of the fixed oils are obtained by ____ from plant or animal tissues in
which they occur
expression
124
Vegetable oils may occur in various parts
of the plant, but as a general rule, _____
contain larger quantities of fats and oils
than other plant parts
seed
125
The ______ is the result of
the action of air, light or possibly
bacteria.
rancidity of lipids
126
The ______ is caused by
chemical treatment, bacterial action,
or by the catalytic action of light and
heat.
hydrolysis of lipids
127
Fixed oils
hard films
Linseed oil (used in the manufacture of paints and varnishes)
Drying oil
128
e.g. corn oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil
Semi-drying oil
129
sticky to the touch for an indefinite period,
therefore cannot be used in paints and varnishes.
Olive oil, expressed almond oil, peanut oil, coconut oil
Non-drying oil
130
Fixed oil obtained by expression or
extraction from the seed kernels of
the coconut palm, Cocos
nucifera (Fam. Arecaceae)
Coconut oil
131
Consist of a mixture of
_______ in which 80 to 85%
of the acids are saturated.
Coconut oil; triacylglycerols
132
Has the highest saponification
value and lowest iodine value
among the common fixed oils.
Coconut oil
133
Organic evaluation of coconut oil
• Color – Light yellow
• Taste – Bland taste
• Appearance – Oily liquid
134
Peanut oil organoleptic evaluation
• Color – Pale yellow
• Odor – Nutty odor
• Taste – Bland taste
• Appearance – Oily liquid
135
Peanut Oil
Ø Used as a solvent for preparing
oily solutions for _____
injections
intramuscular
136
Ø Used for making liniments,
ointments, plasters, and soaps
Ø Substitute for olive oil
Peanut oil
137
The number of grams of
iodine absorbed by 100 g of the
sample under prescribed condition
Iodine value
138
The number of
milligrams of potassium hydroxide
required to neutralize the free acids
and saponify the esters in 1 gram of
sample.
Saponification value
139
The number of milligrams
of potassium hydroxide or the number
of milliliters of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide
required to neutralize the free acids.
Acid value
