POST MIDTERM LECTURES Flashcards
1
Q
Why do we have cultures? What is cultural World view?
A
To help protect us the anxiety of death
A cultural world view manages death anxiety by providing meaning and purpose to life by delineating how life should live. Provides a sense of
Order
Meaning
Permanence
2
Q
What is the Existential dilemma?
A
Instinct for self-preservation
Intelligence to know we will die
3
Q
What does a threat to your cultural world view do when mortality is made salient?
A
Mortality is the threat you need to bolster your cultural world view (do the best you can to be good) they are harsher to someone that does not replicate their world view.
i.e; if you were a judge and your mortality was made salient, you were more likely to set a prostitute’s bail higher than if your mortality was not made salient.
4
Q
What happens if you try to suppress thoughts? i.e; elephant on the screen - told not to think about it for 5 mins.
A
If we try to suppress the thoughts, you will think about it after trying not to think about it. You will not think about the bear for the five minutes but after that, you will think about the bear more than if you were not told to not think about it.
5
Q
What is death thought accessibility (DTA) – Hayes?
A
DTA occurs when one’s anxiety buffer is threatened because the buffer functions to keep death-related cognition and associated potential anxiety at bay.
6
Q
What happens to DTA if mortality is made salient? What does bolstering your worldview/self-esteem do to DTA?
A
Mortality salience increases unconscious DTA.
Bolstering cultural worldview and/or self-esteem decreases DTA.
7
Q
How can DTA be managed?
A
Proximal defense
Distal defense
8
Q
What is Proximal defense that manages DTA?
A
Conscious, rational, use distraction, reduce self-focus of attention, trivialize one’s vulnerability to death. Problem is thoughts may remain unconsciously accessible.
You realize you are thinking about it
Deny vulnerability
Engage in healthy behavior (social distancing, wearing a mask)
9
Q
What is distal defense that manages DTA?
A
Unconscious, use cultural worldview, self-esteem
You don’t really realize you are thinking about it
10
Q
What happens to DTA when your culture is threatened?
A
When you threaten the culture, you will increase death thoughts
11
Q
What is denial coping?
A
I refuse to believe that the disengagement plan will be carried out.
I pretend that the disengagement plan isn’t really happening.
I act as though the disengagement plan will not happen.
Denial an effective short term defense
12
Q
What is the Rubber-band effect?
A
not support violence otherwise
13
Q
What is the terror management hypothesis after 9/11?
A
Increased patriotism
Search for meaning
Desire for justice and vengeance
Increased altruism, esp to ingroup
Lash out at those symbolically connected to the attackers.
Outgroups becomes Americans (Decreased prejudice toward African Americans and other ethnicities/cultures that are not the ethnicity/culture of the attackers)
Threaten cultural worldview; increase DTA
14
Q
When mortality is made salient, what happens to people that report a low in meaning in life? What about those who report a high feeling of meaning in life?
A
People that were low reported more anxiety
People that were high reported less anxiety/protected against anxiety
15
Q
With COVID and the mortality being more salient, did people have a stronger reaction to police killings of black people? Did it increase the will to go against this?
A
People had the need to do something of value
Felt meaning and significance derived from protest
This is a good thing that came out of mortality being salient during covid.
16
Q
What will happen to your self-awareness if you are sitting in front of the mirror?
A
You will be objectively self-aware and you will answer the questions you are asked more objectively because you can reflect better
You will be more honest in front of a mirror (like with yourself too)
17
Q
What happens to DTA when thinking about afterlife?
A
Pro-afterlife decreases death thought accessibility
Decreases the need to bolster people’s world views
18
Q
What are intrinsic goals? Extrinsic goals?
A
Intrinsic – social connections
Extrinsic – money, reputation
19
Q
What happens to your intrinsic and extrinsic goals when mortality is made salient?
A
There is an increase in intrinsic goals and a decrease in extrinsic goals
More you perceived risk – the more you shifted from extrinsic goals to intrinsic goals.
20
Q
Why did prejudice decline over the years?
A
Became illegal (law teaches – change the law, things will follow in effect)
A lot of social change in terms of attitudes towards specific groups
Could be something going on implicitly that is different than what is going on explicitly
Expectations about attitudes might have changed
The contact hypothesis – put all these people together and they will eventually get along (Suggests that intergroup contact under appropriate conditions can effectively reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members )
Social desirability
21
Q
What is an explicit attitude?
A
Attitudes that are at the conscious level, are deliberately formed and are easy to self-report
May be due to social desirability
Might be genuine but they can also be due to social desirability
May represent genuine but deliberative and personally desired attitude
22
Q
What are implicit attitudes?
A
Unconscious thoughts - not easy to self-report
Less controllable, more automatic
Implicit measures – not aware in terms of measure
Implicit attitudes – can’t conjure up what your attitude is on the subject
Might influence how you engage in that behavior
23
Q
What are automatic attitudes?
A
Implicit attitudes
24
Q
What are the automatic response to black faces?
A
Faster response to negative adjectives than positive adjectives primed with Black faces but not when primed with White faces
25
What are the automatic responses to white faces?
Moderate for both positive and negative
26
What is the Affective Misattribution Paradigm (AMP)?
Distractor slide
Target slide
Do you like the target slide?
Don't let the distractor influence you.
27
How does group level (community level) bias affect black people's lifespan?
Correlated with death from cardiovascular disease within blacks (added stress to your daily life putting you at greater risk)
Correlated with the frequency of police shootings of blacks. (also possible that the police shootings of blacks give rise to the community level biasses)
28
What describes someone with high explicit prejudice?
People that are unrestrained, unmotivated to inhibit, blatant discrimination, maybe even seek opportunities to act against an outgroup
29
What describes someone who has low explicit, high implicit prejudice?
People that are guardedly good, careful deliberative judgments but spontaneous behaviors less controlled, maybe also influence on social perception
30
What describes someone who has low explicit and low implicit prejudice?
People that still know the cultural stereotype and context may prime the stereotype and increase the chance that it will be applied
31
Why is it suggested that the first policeman on the scene should not engage with the suspect and wait for the second policeman?
He will have lots of adrenaline – more likely to act out in a bad way (shoot when not necessary)
32
What does dehumanization lead to?
It leads to moral exclusion - treat someone like they are an animal
Moral rules and values do not apply if this person is being dehumanized
33
What is the difference between black faces and white faces IAT with animals?
We have this implicit association that dehumanizes blacks – more readily associate black with ape than any other animal and we will do it when we are primed with black – not with white faces
You will take less time to recognize the ape if you are primed with black faces.
34
Does dehumanization predict behaviour?
Dehumanization is the psychological process of demonizing the enemy, making them seem less than human and hence not worthy of humane treatment. This can lead to increased violence, human rights violations, war crimes, and genocide.
35
Dehumanization and donations.
We are more likely to donate to the Boston marathon than to victims of drone strikes in Afghanistan and Yemen because we see the victims of the boston marathon as more human/in our ingroup rather than our outgroup
36
How can prejudice be reduced?
Cooperative learning (teamwork), peer influence, contact (contact hypothesis), Entertainment (reducing prejudice in the media and in movies), diversity training, multicultural education, sensitivity
37
How does multiculturalism help with prejudice reduction?
Different cultural groups bring different perspective to life
People Low in Prejudice benefited – measure warmth toward target, liking, breadth of disclosure, intimacy of disclosure
However, this backfires for people High in Prejudice
38
How does colourblindness help with prejudice reduction?
It does not unfortunately
Definition of colourblindness theory - We must look beyond skin color, understand the person within, at our core we are the same
Did not do anything
39
How does anti-racism help with prejudice reduction?
Stamping out racism is essential if we are to achieve harmony amongst many ethic
Increases evaluative concerns for Low in Prejudice people and High in Prejudice people and decreases interpersonal warmth/responsivity for Low in Prejudice people
40
Separated the blue and brown eyed kids - results?
Brown-Eyed kids in better position at first - started bullying Blue-Eyed kids and Blue-Eyed kids actually started to perform more poorly at school
Next week, Blue-Eyed kids were the ones with privileges
Were way less vicious to the Brown-Eyed kids than they had been to them
41
Prime heterosexual schema - materialized women.
The men that had the prime were more likely to sexualize the woman interviewer - would more likely remember super-facial clues than what kinds of question she asked.
42
What did the likelihood to sexually harass scale experiment show for priming power?
For guys high on this scale, if you prime power – you increase the accessibility of sex and vice versa
Meaning that power and sex are cognitively linked for men high on this scale.
43
What is the reaction of a guy that is likely to sexually harass in an interview/what will they remember of the interview?
Proximity
Sexualized Behavior
Memory about appearance
Memory about qualifications
Competence of the confederate
Friendliness and attractiveness of confederate
Hireability
44
What will the sexualized prime do to a guy in the midpoint whether he is likely to sexual harass or not?
The prime will increase his sexualized behavior.
Things in the environment that can influence a person even if they are not high on the scale.
45
How does likeliness to sexually harass influence the target of prejudice and discrimination?
Body image
Self as an object
Knowing the stereotype of my group and that you may be applying it
46
How does the sexualized ads affect the women?
There is a much larger effect on sexualizing behaviour of men in women than women in men when viewing sexualized ads.
47
What is the Self-Objectification Theory – Fredrickson et al., 1998?
Whenever people’s bodies, body parts, or sexual functions are separated out from their identity and reduced to the status of mere instruments or regarded as capable of representing them.
48
Traits vs. State effects.
Trait is, you do this across days, weeks, months, you generally think of yourself in a more objectifying way
State is, you are thinking of yourself in a more objectifying state.
49
What are the consequences of self objectification?
Cultural Practices of Sexual Objectification --> Self Objectification --> Psychological Consequences --> Mental Health Risk
50
How do women high and low in body shame react to the sweatshirt-swimsuit experiment?
Restraint = eat less than half a cookie
Symbolic restraint = eat more than half but not whole cookie
No restraint = eat at least one whole cookie
Women Low in body shame
They either ate or didn't eat
Restraint or No restraint
Women High in body shame
Complete opposite
Restraint or Symbolic restraint
51
What do stereotypes do to an individual on the receiving end of the stereotype? (Stereotype threat)
Knowledge of a prevalent cultural stereotype about performance
Interferes with performance through fear of confirming the stereotype
52
Black and white students given verbal problems.
Half told it is diagnostic of verbal intelligence
Half told just some problem solving task.
What happens in both conditions?
When test of verbal intelligence:
Blacks performance goes way down – as if they crack under pressure
When told it is a problem solving task:
Performance is essentially the same for white and black students
53
Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. What effect do the super hard problems have on the reasonable problems? Why?
Women would get subconscious and do bad on the easier ones – stereotype threat (women supposedly bad at math) and she loses hope slowly because she was thinking about the stereotype
Men would just think "I've got to work extra hard on the next ones to get them right".
54
Stereotype threat and men's math performance. White men and Asian men - what effect is in place for white men?
Stereotype threat would also affect white males when they are in this situation doing the questions with Asian males.
55
Athletic performance and stereotype threat;
Sport intelligence vs. Athletic performance
White vs. Black men
Condition 1 – “sports intelligence”
Blacks performance would go down for this condition
Condition 2 – “natural athletic ability”
Whites performance would go down for this condition
56
How do role models of the same ethnicity affect perfomance?
Black student comes in and thinks "my group can't do this" the Black TA comes in and says "Yes, you can I have done it"
Alleviate pressure to represent group
57
How does Self-affirmation reduce threat?
when individuals complete an activity that affirms their self-integrity they are less defensive and more accepting of information that is potentially threatening.
Writing self-affirmation every week improves student's grades by the end of the school year.
Domain is less a self-evaluative threat
58
What is the introspection bias?
If I introspect, I will get beyond the biases because I reflect on that
59
What is Ego Justification ?
Develop, maintain favorable self-image and feel valid, justified and legitimate as an individual
60
What is Group Justification?
Develop, maintain favorable image of my group, defend and justify
61
What is System Justification?
Social and psychological need to justify the system, status quo
In general you find society to be fair.
In general, the political system operates as it should.
62
What are the implications of system justification? How is it different than group justification?
Disadvantaged groups still endorse status quo
Ego and/or group justification must overcome strength of system justification
In order to trigger efforts at social change
63
(experiment) Which do you like to play with? Which is the good doll and the bad doll?
Which one did the white kids choose? Black kids?
White kids liked the white doll
Black kids ALSO like the white doll
Effect was especially strong for Black kids that went to segregated schools (Black kids only in Black kids school)
64
Under what circumstances are people justifying the system?
If he is poor and unhappy – it is not fair because he has nothing
If he is rich and happy it is also not fair because he has everything
We want to believe the world is just - rich=unhappier than poor, poor=happier than rich
65
How competent and hireable is the applicant? John vs. Jennifer same qualities.
Voted John more competent than Jennifer (even though they had the same traits)
Starting salary for John was higher than for Jennifer
66
What is Benevolent Sexism?
Warmth and competence
See people in those two ways
Women do not lack competence – people just see her higher in warmth, purity things like that
Claim that they are just rating men more competent – they aren't better than women
See members of a disadvantaged group as having positive traits on other dimensions.
Conclude not unequal, just different
67
Gender specific justifications when primed communal stereotype of women (considerate, honest, warm, moral). What will the reaction of men and women be on this description of women after this prime?
With men, it doesn't matter if you prime the stereotype or not, men are going to endorse the gender status quo
Women will endorse the gender status quo when they are primed to think of the gender stereotype
68
Women described as are pure, vulnerable and ideal at making men feel complete
Women described as career oriented, active in social causes, athletic
Which Woman will the men prefer?
Guys rated them more positively when described like the first condition.
69
Sexism as an environment for self-objectification
Does benevolent sexism provide the sort of environment to give rise to self-objectification
Fulfill the gender stereotype
Men supposedly more competent and women more warm
Attention to appearance more than competence
70
What the the rank order importance of 10 attribute if there is MORE self-objectification between;
Weight
Physical attractiveness
Sex appeal
Muscles sculpted
Measurements
Physical attractiveness
Weight
Sex appeal
Measurements
Muscles sculpted
71
What the the rank order importance of 10 attribute if there is LESS self-objectification between;
Weight
Physical attractiveness
Sex appeal
Muscles sculpted
Measurements
Health
Strength
Energy
Physical coordination
Physical fitness
72
When primed with benevolent sexism women have a significant increase in what?
Self-objectification
Self-surveillance—monitor body as others may see me
Body shame
73
Manipulate escapability. Moving out of Canada difficult vs easy? Who will be endorsing the system?
If you cannot get out of a system and you have to live with it, you are more likely to endorse that no matter what other pressures may say
74
When do people rebel? When are they against rebelling?
System justification REDUCES uncertainty and ambiguity
Rebel risk increases unpredictability
When you experience uncertainty, those are precisely the times that you are more likely to reach out for stability and justifying status quo and the system is a way to regulate the anxiety that comes with uncertainty
Makes it difficult and less likely to see rebellion
75
What tilts toward system justification?
System threat
If you think it is easy to transfer to another university then you are more likely to challenge and rebel against the status quo of the university
If you think it is hard then you are less likely to rebel the status quo.
76
What are Kohlberg’s stages?
preconventional, conventional and post-conventional
77
Freud's learning theory - Bobo doll and agression experiment
Children act from what they see/learn
78
What is the Moral foundation theory?
Moral intuitions derived from innate psychological mechanisms that co-evolved with cultural institutions and practices.
Innate but modifiable. Cultural expression.
Suppress selfishness and form cooperative communities
79
What is the Binding approach?
Ingroup loyalty
Respect authority
Preserve purity and sanctity
These things help bind people together
In contrast to Individualizing Foundations
80
What are Individualizing Foundations? Do people support this?
Decreasing harm/care
Increasing fairness/justice
People in general support these individualization foundations
81
Liberals and conservatives in regards of individualizing foundations.
Liberals, in efforts to support these have suppressed the bindings approach values
Liberals and conservatives are similar in their enforcement of individualization values but that conservatives will also support binding values.
82
Is morality about automatic instinct?
Or is morality conscious, deliberative judgment rationalization?
Trolley car vs. pushing fat man off bridge trolley car variation
Why would we lift the lever but not push the large man?
What is the intrinsic nature of the action
Consequences the process seems to be less automatic—affected by cognitive load
I will reason through it based on the consequences of that action
If you put people under a cognitive load it is harder to think in a consequence based process
83
What is the Motivated cognition hypothesis ?
Conservatives enhance binding values to satisfy psychological needs.
Cognitive load should interfere with enhancement
84
What is the narrowing hypothesis?
Liberals override binding values.
Cognitive load should interfere with override
Resulting in endorsement of binding values
85
determining our moral intuitions
Will liberals increase their binding values or will conservatives decrease their binding values (authority, ingroup loyalty, purity)?
Conservatives decrease their binding values (authority, ingroup loyalty, purity) when they were under cognitive load or ego depletion
86
When there is psychological threat, what values are we drawn to? Who has a greater detection of threat; Liberals or conservatives?
When there is psychological threat – bindings values are a place we are drawn to
Politically conservative people tend to have greater sensitivity detection of threat. (see threat sooner and binding values are there to help)
When liberals see threat, they too go to binding values.
87
What is the Theory of Dyadic Morality?
The man intentionally gished the little girl, who cried
Your perception is that he is a bad guy because of the way the sentence is made – gished is not a word. Whatever he did made the girl cry
88
Moral Psychology is Relationship Regulation - 4 types of relationships
Communal sharing (Relationships with others – everybody is there contributing/helping each other)
Hierarchical relationships
Equality relationships
Market pricing relationships (used to be called equity relationship)
89
Equality vs equity?
Equality=All getting the same (amount)
Equity=Get the same ratio (%)
90
What is the Moral Motive of unity?
Communal sharing – you share everything (ex. Dinning hall)
This also includes making groups – determining who is in and who is out of the group.
Caring and supporting integrity of the in-group. Collective responsibility and common fate.
Give to the group based on need not merit or expected reciprocity.
Unite against outsiders.
Can cause conflict however - who is in/out of the group
91
What is the moral motive of Hierarchy? (i.e) 3 soldiers in a tent (Corporal, lieutenant, medical officer... All need blood but only enough blood for one man)
What are the 2 principles that society has to solve these problems?
Society has evolved 2 principles to solve allocations of problems like this
Socialism – to each according to his need
Capitalism – to each according to his worth
Army is usually according to his rank
Lieutenant ranks higher
92
What is legitimate and illegitimate authority? (i.e - 3 soldiers in a tent)
Subordinates respect, obey.
Superiors responsible to lead, guide, protect.
Corporal picked up a gun and said it's your life or his – medical officer gave the corporal the blood (the medical officer wants to live)
93
What is the moral motive of equality?
If you are doing something for someone today – they will return the favour
Equal treatment, equal shares, turn taking
do something bad - prison
94
What is the moral motive of proportionality?
Sentence for crime is proportionate to the crime in terms of time or fine.
Used in moral trade-offs that require doing harm or giving up something good in order to bring about a greater good.
Trolley car dilemma – can save five by getting one killed
Collateral damage
95
Work on a boring task; Some were given no money, a little money, more money
What level of effort in the three conditions?
No money – didn't know that it was even possible to make money so didn't wonder/worked hard
Some money – You are only giving me that?
More money – they are making enough money to want to do a decent job/put in effort
96
What is the relational model?
Communal sharing
Authority ranking
Equal matching
Market Pricing
97
What is illegitimate authority?
"you should be grateful that you have peace because I provide it to you – you have no reason to question me, you have no idea things I have to do so don't question me" (after he did something wrong)
98
what is Null Morality?
Relevant social relationships are absent or not activated
Elicit moral indifference
Rules and obligations that these four types of relationship involve do not extend beyond community boundaries
99
What are types of Morality of violence ?
Unity (More acceptable for superiors to order violence or when under orders)
Hierarchy (More acceptable for superiors to order violence or when under orders)
Equality (eye for an eye - revenge seeking)
Proportionality (If benefits outweigh costs)
100
What is Moral Self-Licensing?
Past moral behavior makes people more likely to do potentially immoral things.
I do something good – it gives me license to do something else
Good deeds make people feel secure in their moral self-regard
101
Positive aspects of moral self-licensing
Facilitate open discussion about sensitive topics.
If you feel insecure about where you are in a moral topic sense, you may not feel like you can talk freely but this helps you speak up
Able to make difficult trade-offs.
Frees one up to make harsher decisions
102
What is Moral Identity ?
If you have a strong moral identity you are more likely to give to charity and do good things.
Think of yourself as a moral person
103
What is Moral licensing?
Did a moral thing (recent good thing)
Temporal perspective
Distant—stable global (Assimilate)
Near-acute, specific, concrete (Compare)
104
How does social learning amplifies moral outrage expression in online social networks?
Punish moral transgressors
Promote social cooperation
Limit public speech
Spread disinformation (Reinforcement - Likes and shares)
Norm learning (Newsfeeds - What are the newsfeeds that you are receiving)
Those newsfeeds may foster a sense of "this is what is normative"
105
Course concepts
Construal
Construct activation
Implicit-Explicit
Bias
Uncertainty/Threat
Construal
a way that people perceive, comprehend, and interpret their world, particularly the acts of others toward them.
Construct activation
mechanism for cultural differences in social perception.
Implicit-Explicit
implicit - unconscious
explicit - conscious
Bias
prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.
Uncertainty/Threat
uncertainty causes feelings of stress and anxiety that put our brain into threat mode.
106
Situational effects on moral judgment
Need to assess which moral motives best promote health and well-being.
Need to understand moral psychological basis for acts we wish to deter.
107
What is the social identity theory?
Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership(s)
108
How are similarity and attraction related?
We are more attracted to someone who are similar to us in terms of attitudes, has the same values, personality to some extent
109
How do we see our partners?
Looks like Zac Efron
As smart as Einstein
As funny as Mindy Kaling
We see our partners better than average on most traits.
We rate our relationship as superior to the average relationship.
We all can’t be better than average.
110
What are the consequences of partners having idealized views of us?
Projected illusions and reflected illusions
111
What factors change how we see our partners?
112
What are projected illusions? Reflected illusions?
Projected Illusions
Partner is happier the more positive their view of us is.
The more you idealize, the happier and more positive you are
Reflected Illusions
I am happier to the extent my partner sees me positively.
113
Does their idealization of you make you happier?
This could benefit you because the thought that they think you are fantastic makes you feel good
However, does this raise the bar?
114
What is self-verification theory?
Self-verification theory – do you want that pressure to verify the person's view of you
115
Why do we all believe our partner is the best?
We project our views of ourselves and our view of an ideal partner onto our current partner.
Some reality but then embellished.
116
What is the Buffering hypothesis?
Illusions help withstand inevitable negative relationship events.
Sooner or later negative stuff will happen but if you have these illusions that will buffer you that will protect you under those difficult times
Resource you can draw on solutions
117
What is the Reflected appraisal hypothesis?
Individuals come to see themselves through their partner’s eyes
118
What is the Transformation hypothesis?
Link faults with virtues.
119
What does negativity do to a relationship?
Relationships low in negativity doesn’t matter a lot about illusions – those relationships are most likely to last than relationships WITH negativity
Relationships low in negativity doesn’t matter a lot about illusions – those relationships are most likely to last than relationships WITH negativity
120
What is the reflected apraisals hypothesis?
Describe a person's perception of how others see and evaluate him or her. The reflected appraisal process concludes that people come to think of themselves in the way they believe others think of them
His initial perception of her
predicts changes in her self-perception.
Her initial perception of him
predicts changes in his self-perception
Ex. If his initial perception of her is positive, she will come to think of herself in a more positive way
121
What is the Battle of wills in relationships?
If you see yourself negatively, sometimes you convince your partner that you are not great – other times your partner sees you positively and convinces you to see yourself positively
122
What is the Self-verification theory?
social psychological theory that asserts people want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs
123
What is the difference between married couples when they were only dating and when they are married?
Dating - You want positive evaluations from your partner
Marriage want self-verification.
For long term committed relationship, it would be good if your partner would know your true self
124
What predicts intimacy?
Swann claims that in married couples, the more the partners verify each other, the more intimacy is reported in the relationship
125
What is the Neglect Hypothesis?
Problems are missed and fester and become bigger later.
Problems can be missed and become bigger later on
people with poor problem solving and relatively less satisfied marriages might experience bigger declines in satisfaction over time to the extent that they were overly optimistic early on.
126
What is the Contamination Hypothesis? – conditional acceptance.
When experiencing self-doubts low self-esteem individuals assume partners share their disappointment
Find fault in the partner before partner can reject you.
"It is conditional acceptance because they only see the good but sooner or later they'll really see me and reject me because they see I'm a loser"
127
What is the Compensation Hypothesis?
High Self-esteem compensate for self-doubts by embellishing interpersonal strengths.
Relationship and partner is a resource.
Think of shortcomings and failures – partner is somewhere to go and reach out/embrace their partner/"resource"
Anticipate unconditional acceptance.
128
Reflected appraisals experiment - how do High self-esteem people feel?
Threat condition (thinking of shortcomings) they are just as confident in their partner's love and regard for them as the control condition
129
Reflected appraisals experiment - how do Low self-esteem people feel?
Control condition - feel pretty good/confidence in their partner's love and regard – not too strong confidence (tenative)
Threat condition – when they are reminded of their shortcomings and failures, their confidence in their partner's love and regard drops significantly
130
How does Self-esteem constrains relationship-enhancement processes? Think of the experiment where one person was told to write bad things about their partner and the other everything in their apartment.
Secret selves
Think of self-negatives you don’t want your partner to see (trying to trigger relationship insecurity – especially the low confidence people)
Presence of a Fault-finding partner (when they keep writing you are offended and start seeing them as worse people/liking them less)
Threats to acceptance
131
How do Low self-esteem people affect their relationships/sabatoge them?
Read more into acute problems or ambiguous situations
Interpret as a sign that the partner’s love and commitment is low.
Use Self-protective strategies and push them away
132
How do partners rate their insecure, low self-esteem partners?
Partners of low self-esteem people evaluate them just as positively as partners with high self-esteem people.
Rate them just as forgiving
Say they are just as satisfied
133
Where do our self-views come from?
Projection process – we have a sense of who we are and we project that (question is positive or negative sense of self – you project that on your partner)
134
What are Features of an Attachment Relationships?
Maintaining proximity (Staying near and protesting separation)
Having a secure Base (Allows exploration)
Caregiver provides a safe haven (Source of comfort when threatened)
135
What are the four attachment types?
Secure
Anxious/pre occupied
Dismissive/Avoidant
Fearful
136
Describe the feelings of a securely attached person.
I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don’t often worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.
137
Describe the feelings of an avoidantly attached person.
I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them completely, difficult to allow myself to depend upon them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often love partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being.
138
Describe the feelings of an anxious attached person.
I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn’t really love me or won’t want to stay with me. I want to merge completely with another person, and this desire sometimes scares people away
139
What does a secure relationship look like?
High self-esteem
Trust others
Love and expect to be loved.
140
What does an anxious/pre occupied relationship look like?
Insecure but desire others love
Low self-esteem.
Highly engaged – want to merge with others but doubt others want to reciprocate
141
What does a dismissive/avoidant relationship look like?
Expect others to be rejecting and untrustworthy so become self-reliant.
142
What does a fearful relationship look like?
Fear of closeness and dependency but lack self-reliance
Associated with extremely harsh abusive childhood environments
143
What is the difference between feelings of secure relationship on the day of applying for a marriage licence and after the divorce
80% have a secure feeling on the day they are applying for their marriage licence and only 50% feel that same feeling after the divorce.
144
What is Transference from other Relationships?
We fill the blanks of people we just met associating them to people we know that are similar.
Ex – he smells like my piano teacher – they must be similar (associate characteristics to him)
145
What is Chronic attachment measures?
What I expect in general from others.
146
What are Relationship specific measures?
What I expect of a particular other person.
147
What is a contextual measure?
What I expect in the current situation.
148
What is an available attachment figure?
Can just be brought to mind – no need to be in the room, helps you cope in a hard situation (calms you down thinking of this person – especially when you are an anxious person)
149
How do anxiously attached people and avoidant attached people react to an attachment figure?
Lower self-esteem people or anxiously attached people
Unsure someone will come through for them
Become vigilant for signs of acceptance
Avoidant people
Unlikely someone will come through for them
Self-reliant and distancing
150
When primed with their attachment figure, what is the reaction of people? Helpful? Scared? Courageous?
With the sense of attachment security, it can help us with our individual problem but also give us a secure base to expand and help others/helping someone with a task they think is awful
151
What is Subjective Well Being (SWB)?
How people experience and evaluate their lives and specific domains and activities in their lives.
152
What is Social Desirability?
Trying to be like by others – measure how much individuals want to appear socially desirable (appear happy – but they do not)
153
What are Peer and Family Reports?
Associated with your happiness – you and your family have the same perception (if you think you are happy then they say that and vice versa
154
What makes you happy?
It is a mix of genes, money and life events
155
Can Money Buy Happiness?
Increased greatly within countries and around the world since 1950.
Wealth is associated with the following
Longer life
Healthier
Better mental health-less depression.
Fewer stressful life events
Poor is associated with
Drop out of school
Victims of violent crime
Teen pregnancy
156
What are things correlated with Subjective Well Being?
Wealth
Human Rights
Individualism-Collectivism
Equality
Cultural Homogeneity
157
What occurs to SWB when there is a rise in income?
Rich happier than poor
But rising incomes do not seem to be associated with rising SWB
158
Why income increase may not increase SWB
Rising incomes go to the rich or inefficient or corrupt governments
Aspirations increase
As they go up in income, they look for better – aspiration for their lives change
Not looking at the same measure of happiness as the poor
159
How is change in income predicts changes in life satisfaction and affect, and reverse is true – changes in life satisfaction predicted changes in income?
Rich better off in a rich country
Poor better off in a rich country.
Poor in poor country – relatively disadvantaged
Poor in rich country – still more security and resources
160
What are negative motives for money?
To have a house and cars that are better than those of my neighbors.
To prove that I am not as dumb as some people assumed
161
What are positive motives for money?
To have a feeling of security.
To be able to support my family.
To get just compensation for my efforts.
162
What happens to the following once you attain your goal of money?
Importance of money
Remember: Goal + Rich NOT HAPPIER
Importance of money - slightly less life satisfaction – effect is true if you are poor but not if you are rich (Effect if you are poor but not if you are rich.)
Goal to be rich and become rich it does not make you happier it just does not make you less happy
People who have the goal and become rich compared to the people who do not have the goal and become rich are the same in terms of subjective well-being.
The goal is not going to make you happier, the wealth is
163
What communities are reporting very high levels of SWB?
Amish
Kenyan Maasi
Greenlandic Inughuit
Materially simple lives
164
What happens when you spend money on someone else?
Reported higher SWB
People feel better/happier
165
What is the Hedonic Treadmill?
Humans have a tendency to return to a relatively stable level of happiness or subjective wellbeing, despite changes (good or bad) in their circumstances or external conditions.
166
Why highly successful people may not experience joy from current successes?
Running to stay on top – need to keep having bigger and bigger successes
You are always trying to do better – dismisses what they accomplish because of their past accomplishments.
167
What has a weak or no correlation with happiness?
Health
Attractiveness
Distant life events
168
What must be known to have an increase in SWB?
Change takes time
Environments are stable
Time alone does not bring much change
The more time that passes, the more opportunities there are to change your life/happiness
169
Why might marital status be associated with SWB?
Selection hypothesis
Social Role
Crisis
Hedonic Levelling
170
What is Selection hypothesis?
Some people more likely to attract and form committed relationships
171
What is a social role? Include examples.
Specific challenges to different marital states, divorced, widowed, etc.
172
What is a crisis?
Transitions that can be disruptive of SWB but then adapt
173
What is the wife example of Hedonic Levelling?
Happy person has less to gain from happy marriage (already happy)
Happily married has more to lose from widowhood
