POST MIDTERM TEXTBOOK Flashcards

Question

What is contemporary prejudice?

Answer 1

Norms about how different groups are viewed and are treated have changed over the years In Western countries, it is now illegal to show any discrimination or no longer socially acceptable to express sorts of prejudice or stereotypes. Now people think "how should I feel" and not just feel how they actually feel.

Answer 2

Prejudice directed at racial groups that exists alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs.

Answer 3

If the participants thought they were the only people that could help, they would go aid the black person somewhat more often (94% of the time) than the White person (81% of the time) If the participants thought someone else was present and could help, or they could also unconsciously "blame" their actions on something (like "I thought someone else would be better at helping than me") they helped the Black person less than the White person (38% vs. 75%)

Answer 4

A chivalrous ideology marked by protectiveness and affection toward women who embrace conventional roles) Benevolent sexism can be just as damaging as hostile sexism

Answer 5

Dislike of non-traditional women and those seen as usurping men's power)

Answer 6

Benevolent sexism often coexists with hostile sexism. They argue that even the seemingly positive stereotypes aren't benign Research suggests that the protectiveness and affection displayed by men high in ambivalent sexism convey a sense of warmth to women that can mask the men's more hostile sexist beliefs

Answer 7

The implicit association test Different types of priming procedures Affect misattribution procedure (AMP)

Answer 8

The technique for revealing nonconscious attitude towards different stimuli, particularly groups of people Pictures are presented on a computer screen and the respondent presses a certain key with the left hand if the picture a word conforms to one rule and different team the right hand if it conforms to another rule

Answer 9

Show a word and you answer the first thing that pops to your mind ex. say the word bread the first word will be butter. People that were sure that they aren't prejudiced against black people nonetheless respond more quickly to negative word preceded by a picture of black faces and more slowly to positive words preceded by pictures of black faces

Answer 10

A priming procedure designed to assess people's implicit association to different stimuli including their association to various ethnic, racial, gender, and occupational groups

Answer 11

Some of the most intense intergroup tensions arise between groups that are wanting the same limited resource these observations highlight the core tenets of the economic perspective on prejudice and discriminations group develop prejudices about each other and discriminate against one another when they compete for material resources

Answer 12

people in the outgroup weren't often thought of in stereotyped ways and are treated in a manner normally forbidden by one's moral code

Answer 13

A goal that transcends the interests of any one group that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together

Answer 14

Readiness to adopt an "us vs. them" mentality Experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and examine how the member of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave towards one another Some were told they were over estimators and others under estimators

Answer 15

the majority of participants are interested more in maximizing the relative gain for members of their in groups over the out groups than they are in maximizing the absolute gain for their in Group doing whatever we can to feel better about the ingroup leads us to feel better about ourselves

Answer 16

The theory that a person's self-concept and self-esteem derives not only from personal identity and accomplishments but also from the status and accomplishments of various groups to which the person belongs

Answer 17

You become "defensive" of things and say it is good.

Answer 18

Because our self-esteem is based in part on the status of the group to which we belong we may be tempted to boost the status and fortunes of these groups and their members

Answer 19

People who are highly identified with a particular group react to criticism of the group as if it were criticism of the self people appear to be especially motivated to identify with groups and derive self-esteem from their group membership when they feel uncertain about their own attitudes, values, feelings, and place in the world

Answer 20

taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one group, such as when sports fan identified with the winning team People go to great lengths to announce their affiliation with the group and that group is doing well when losing not so much

Answer 21

Stereotyping is inevitable People categorize nearly everything both natural and artificial, even color. Categorizing simplifies the task of taking in and processing the incredible volume of stimuli surrounding us Stereotypes provide us with those simpler model that allow us to deal with the great blooming, buzzing confusion of reality

Answer 22

when we see an association between two variables (events, actions, ideas, etc.) when they aren't actually associated. Distinctive events capture our attention. We would notice if a student came to a lecture wearing a clown outfit

Answer 23

The pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together

Answer 24

When the white man shoved the black man it was interpreted as more benign (playing around) when the black man shook the white man it was interpreted as a more serious action (aggressive behavior) This is also the case for sports (think black man is better than the white man even though they do the same actions)

Answer 25

People act towards members of certain groups in ways that encourage the very behavior they expect to see from those groups for example someone who thinks that members of a particular group are hostile might act towards those group members in a guarded manner

Answer 26

the tendency for people to assume that within group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for in groups It is tempting to think of groups that you are not a part of as "they", to imagine that the group members think alike, act alike, even look alike we tend to assume that the members of an outgroup are more similar to one another, whereas the member of our in group are more individual and diverse

Answer 27

The tendency for people to be better at recognizing and distinguishing faces from their own race than from other races

Answer 28

"he's an exception" (from the stereotype)

Answer 29

He presented an idea of a man and if they were primed with the stereotypical black people prime then they saw the man as more hostile and more negative overall this result was found equally for prejudiced and unprejudiced participants She demonstrated that prejudiced and unprejudiced people differ primarily in their controlled cognitive processes (not their automatic cognitive processes)

Answer 30

the white precipitants were faster to identify a weapon as a weapon when it was preceded by a blackface and faster to identify a hand tool as a hand tool when it was preceded by a white face Was founded black faces facilitated the recognition of both negative and positive stereotypical items, handguns and sports equipment, but did not feel associate recognition of the non-stereotypical items, insects and fruit, regardless of whether they were positive or negative

Answer 31

Made both types of mistake shooting an unarmed target and not shooting an armed target, equally often when the target individual was white . But for black targets, participants were much more likely to make a mistake of shooting if the target was unarmed then failing to shoot if the target was armed.

Answer 32

Some efforts used the media or school programs to promote acceptance of outgroups, or to conceive convince people that their peers frown on the endorsement of unfounded or overly broad stereotypes, the expression of prejudice, and the perpetuation of discrimination.

Answer 33

Confronting people, cognitive and emotional training interventions may also help people reduce their prejudice

Answer 34

individuals are instructed to envision themselves in the shoes of an out group member Doing this should lead to more favorable attitudes towards the outgroup member

Answer 35

1 all black platoon and three all white platoons the white soldiers who served in semi integrated units expressed LITTLE resistance to the idea of fighting alongside their black countrymen respelling was not shared my white soldier in entirely segregated battalions

Answer 36

the proposition that prejudice can be reduced by putting members of different groups in frequent contact with one another Most of the studies observed an increase in prejudice after schools were integrated

Answer 37

the group needs to have equal status different groups must have a shared goal that requires cooperation thereby promoting a common ingroup identity making school assignments more cooperative and interdependent promotes more favorable attitudes between different ethnic and racial groups

Answer 38

Less racist than other students, reduced anxiety about cross race interactions and registered with significant improvement of implicit measures of attitude towards the other group

Answer 39

Multiculturalism and colourblindness

Answer 40

A diversity ideology that encourages the acknowledgements and appreciation of people's unique cultural and ethnic identities Multiculturalism has an edge over color blindness Shown to increase perspective taking to enhance support for pro diversity policies, Huge positive evaluations of and behaviors towards a group members and to reduce anxiety about anticipated interracial interaction Participants from ethnic minority groups have been shown to perform better when working with white participants who have been primed with the multicultural perspective

Answer 41

multicultural messages and initiative can elicit feelings of exclusion amongst white people and can be seen by a high status group member as an identity threat (threatening the value and relevance of their group) can have the unintended consequence of increasing race essentialism or the belief that racial group differences are biologically based and immutable white people's effort to take a multicultural approach and their interaction with people from other racial group can lead to negative interpersonal consequences, such as the minority spotlight effect

Answer 42

minority spotlight effect – is minority group identities become uncomfortably salient

Answer 43

A diversity ideology that encourages treating others as unique individuals and downplaying or ignoring cultural and ethnic group experience In theory this should put an emphasis on ignoring group differences and treating others as individuals fostering equality, inclusiveness, and acceptance of everyone a deliberate blindness to cultural differences can lead to more, not less, prejudice and discrimination (associated with a stronger ethnocentrism )

Answer 44

white participants often try to avoid mentioning race in interactions with all black people These attempts are cognitively taxing, leading the white participants to express more negativity nonverbally and in turn leading their black interaction partners to judge them as prejudiced color blindness can backfire and expect more racial and gender bias and less racial and gender diversity compared to multicultural, people problem with the color blindness minds that are less able to detect instances of racial discrimination

Answer 45

A theory about the hierarchical nature of societies, how they remain stable, and how more powerful or privileged groups in a society maintain their advantage

Answer 46

Individuals in dominant groups act to preserve their advantage and keep those in subordinate groups in their place

Answer 47

Laws and norms preserve the hierarchy

Answer 48

Deference is shown to members of dominant but not subordinate groups and self-fulfilling prophecies undermine the achievements of members of subordinate groups

Answer 49

whites will be replaced by people around the globe This has caused for acts of violence They want to maintain power thus discriminating

Answer 50

A personality trait that corresponds to a person’s support for socioeconomic hierarchy and the belief that different groups should occupy higher and lower positions in society Express more prejudice to maintain power Some religious people or other culturally born people don’t see inequalities and are acceptant of the circumstances as they believe it is the way it should be

Answer 51

argue that it promotes fairness and equality of opportunity, and ensures that the most capable individuals are given the responsibility to make decisions and lead society

Answer 52

it can lead to a lack of diversity and can disadvantage those who come from less privileged backgrounds, who may not have had the same opportunities for education and experience as those from wealthier or more connected families.

Answer 53

The belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get

Answer 54

The attribution of non-human characteristics and denial of human qualities to groups (generally to groups other than one’s own) i.e; Nazis towards Jews.

Answer 55

The attribution of human traits, feelings, and intentions to nonhuman entities Like treating a robot like a human etc. We are more likely to anthropomorphize things that are close to humans Mammals over insects Robots over a toaster We are more likely to do this when we are in need of a social connection and when we feel helpless of ineffective

Answer 56

A model that describes nature of common group stereotypes, positing that they vary along the two prominent dimensions of warmth and competence First, are they a friend or foe? - warmth Second, we need to know if someone is able to act on the kind or malevolent actions? - competence (A competent friend is a treasure and a competent foe is a threat)

Answer 57

If they are too warm they are not fit to lead But if they are too harsh they are considered aggressive Men are not held to this standard and are accepted for assertive behaviour

Answer 58

Bias in law enforcement, in hiring, in what is absent or witheld

Answer 59

Bias in Hiring Outgroup names on applications were less likely to get call backs i.e, Jamal, Lakisha etc Bias in what is absent or withheld People who have multiple intersectional identities tend to be relatively invisible to others i.e. Asian gay women

Answer 60

Black women were less memorable than say a white male

Answer 61

Historical or contemporary laws, policies, practices, and norms that advantage some groups in society or disadvantage others (genders, ethnicities, etc) when it comes to things like wealth, education, housing, and health care Hotter in poorer neighborhoods in the US Parks located in higher income areas Legal system

Answer 62

White people charged with less severe crimes for committing the same act as a black person

Answer 63

Did I just get this award because I’m black and they are trying to pitty me? Wondering an accomplishment is attributed to them or was it due to outside factors such as race, gender, etc

Answer 64

The fear of confirming stereotypes that others have about one’s group When women took a test along side a man they performed worse because they were scared of confirming the stereotype that they were bad at math When they took it alone they performed much better

Answer 65

“Staying in the closet” Takes mental health effects Increases progression of HIV symptoms Being open about your orentation or race increases Self-esteem Less depression Less anger etc

Answer 66

a new perspective but when money, politics or religion gets involved things can become difficult and people become worried about creating tension based on their views

Answer 67

More diverse societies result in more creative and wealthy Internationally, more ethnic diverse = diminished social trust

Answer 68

The claim that different racial groups make different assessments of the amount of racism in society today because they differ in their knowledge of racial history White people do not think there is as much racism going on and they underestimate how much racism is happening

Answer 69

The claim that different racial groups make different assessments of the amount of racism in society today becuase they differ in their knowledge of racial history White people do not think there is as much racism going on and they underestimate how much racism is happening

Answer 70

People who are in relationships or having meaningful connections increases health Divorced, unmarried or widowed individuals experience higher; Mortality rates, suicide rates, crime Social relationships provide physical and mental health benefits Negative effects for people who are lonely

Answer 71

Communal relationships Individuals feel a special responsibility for one another and give and receive according to the principle of need. Such relationships are often long-term Exchange relationships Individuals feel little responsibility toward one another; giving and receiving are governed by concerns about equity and reciprocity. Such relationships are usually short-term

Answer 72

Western society - Capitalist More likely to favour exchange relationships East Asian More likely to favour communal relationships and treat their employees like family

Answer 73

We gravitate to people who provide rewards Laughter, support, fun, etc

Answer 74

The idea that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards Maximizing the most rewards out of a social relationship Someone who can offer multiple aspects of rewards - laughter, fun and supportive We want rewards to outweigh costs

Answer 75

Comparison level Expectations people have about what they should get out of a relationship People with high comparison level expect a lot out of a relationship Comparison level for alternatives Expectations people have about what they can get out of available alternative relationships Sticking with one girl or seeking something better out of someone else

Answer 76

The idea that people are motivated to pursue fairness and equity in their relationship. It is considered equitable when the ratio of rewards to cost are similar for both partners People may be unattracted when there is too many rewards and not many costs

Answer 77

The idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person’s whole life Children who were rejected by their parents did not seek out their care givers and even rejected the caregiver sometimes Children who felt really secure with their caregiver felt distressed when they couldn’t find their caregiver

Answer 78

Secure Avoidant Anxious-Ambivalent

Answer 79

I find it relatively easy to get close with others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don’t often worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close

Answer 80

I am somewhat uncomfortable being close; I find it difficult to trust others completely and difficult to allow myself to depend on others, I am nervous when anyone gets close, and often, love partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being A facet of attachment that captures the degree to which a person is comfortable with intimacy and dependence on relationship partners

Answer 81

I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn’t really love me or won’t stay with me. I want to merge completely with another person, and this desire sometimes scares people away A Facet of attachment captures the degree to which a person is worried about rejection and abandonment by relationship partners

Answer 82

Early attachment styles usually persist into adulthood Secure attachment style predicts more positive life outcomes You attachment style can change overtime especially with the change of partners Certain partners can also change your style as well as they may counter your avoidant attachment style over time

Answer 83

The influence of physical layout that encourages or inhibits certain activities, including contact between people If you have to walk a certain way to your room you may be more likely to encounter someone on floor 2 on your way to floor 5 where you live, opposed to someone only 1 floor above People who lived near stair ways were more likely to make friends that those who lived in the middle of the hall Proximity is also able to reduce the barrier to cross racial friendships

Answer 84

The idea that repeated exposure to a stimulus, such as an object or a person, leads to greater liking of the stimulus.

Answer 85

It is a familiar thing thus easier and fluent to process We also learn to affiliate that thing with no negative consequences thus feeling safe and pleasant

Answer 86

We tend to be attracted to people who are similar to us We value physical characteristics over personality traits i.e; Strong > leadership Similarity within social class, education level and religious backgrounds as well Similarity gives a sense of consenual validation of your own values and attitudes When we perceive someone to be similar to us we assume they have other positive qualities thus being more attracted

Answer 87

Romantic attraction increases when each individual offers an elevated status where they themselves are lacking Complimentary attitudes do not necessarily increase attraction. It does have an effect on differences that can be met by the other person. i.e; Being dependent being attracted to someone who is nurturing

Answer 88

The more attractive, the more popular and higher chance of being a romantic partner. Being attractive gives more favourablity i.e; Attractive injured female more likely to get help from a male, i.e; Jurors often give attractive defendants a break (Even when convicted they experience lower sentences) Halo effect

Answer 89

The common belief (accurate or not) that attractive individuals posses a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance We are biased to like attractive people Being attractive leads to more confidence, happier lives, and less stress

Answer 90

Attractive people are believed to be immodest Women sometimes are considered to be vain and materialistic

Answer 91

The US an independent culture assumes attractive people to be assertive and dominant South Korea an interdependent culture assumes attractive people to be generous, sensitive and empathetic

Answer 92

Attractiveness of women matters more than attractiveness for men Attractiveness also matters for gay men

Answer 93

We prefer people who signify good health thus being attracted to more symmetrical faces Ability to resist disease, less health problems, less infections We have this idea in hopes of passing down good genes to future generations “Reproductive fitness” - like when our species was created

Answer 94

Men have less of an investment in offspring thus more likely to seek multiple partners. Desire a greater number of sexual partners. They seek youth as it signifies fertility and prefer beauty, smooth skin, lustrous hair, full lips, etc. Women seek a man who can care for them and will stick with them - they care more because they are more invested in the offspring (9 months). They look for material resources or characteristics that are associated with acquiring them. Wealth, ambition, social status, physical strength. (perfer older men - more reliable) Both men and women prefer kindness and intelligence over physical attractiveness - men care more about attractiveness than women do powerful women look more for attractiveness as well but men always prefer attractiveness

Answer 95

CompaNIONate love CompaSSIONate love Romantic love

Answer 96

Love for friends and family members

Answer 97

More like Parents loving their children

Answer 98

Also known as passionate love Intense emotion and sexual desire

Answer 99

A model of interpersonal relationships maintains there are three determinants that make partners more Committed to each other High level commitment from one partner usually reciprocates from the other partner Relationship satisfaction Few alternative partners Investments in the relationship (Time, effort, care, energy, sharing belongings, memories are investments) All three determinants seem to be correlated If they are satisfied with their relationship and made a lot of investments, they are more likely to find alternative mates less attractive

Answer 100

Neurotic people tend to be more anxious, tense and emotionally volatile and melancholy thus leading to higher rates of unhappy relationships and divorce Low-self esteem due to the fear of rejection from their partner creates hostility and therefore unhappy relationships/divorce Marrying young = bad Higher socioeconomic background = good for marry Education, income, occupational prestige

Answer 101

Continuous criticism Stonewalling or avoidance Unable to talk freely or openly Contempt (looking down on one another)

Answer 102

Giving your loved one flowers can be interpreted in two different ways One as being selfish, as they expect a follow up request (This is an unstable relationship) The other is viewed as being selfless and kind (This is seen in stable relationships. People in stable relationships are also able to look past problems as well and attribute them to unintended events)

Answer 103

Capatalizing on the good Sharing positive events with your partner increases well-being and satisfaction from both parties (capitalization) Being playful (Fun activities and laughter lead to more satisfied relationships) However having children lowers overall playfulness and lower satisfaction until children move out Having relationship goals instead of personal goals Finding the good in partners Those who idealized their partners, rated them higher on positive traits than the partner itself Ex. my partner has this flaw but it helps bring out ___ quality, or “they have this flaw but”

Answer 104

Romantic love activates the reward region of your brain thus dopamine Early stages of romantic love also deactivates the amygdala which is associated with recognizing threats ■ Thus we are easier to idealize our partners ■ This can also lead to us not seeing red flags

Answer 105

A brief specific response, involving appraisals, experiences, expressions, and physiology, that helps people meet goals, including social goals Usually specific and easy to determine (and the why behind it) i.e; i am angry because I was cut in front of in line

Answer 106

The interpretation an individual gives to a situation that gives rise to the experience of emotion ■ How pleasant, fair, novel or threatening the situation How you construe your environment in the present moment, effects the emotions you may feel

Answer 107

All humans use the same 30-40 facial muscles thus all cultures should be able to perceive emotion in a similar fashion Humans share an evolutionary history with other mammals thus our emotional behaviours should resemble those of others species Blind individuals will still show expressions similar to those of the sighted as it has been encoded through an evolutionary process

Answer 108

Yes! even other animals have similar emotions/expressions/sounds to show it it was also determined that that other mammals shift their gaze down in embarrassment as a functioning apology

Answer 109

Blind people expressed pride in a similar fashion to those of the sighted They also expressed losing in a similar fashion as well

Answer 110

An emotion that is especially common within a particular culture Interdependent cultures show more embarrassment and shame as they convey modesty Cultures that value honour may be more exposed to anger Sexual slurs and insults to family are highly charged events

Answer 111

Emotions that promote cultural ideas are valued and will tend to play a more prominent role in the social lives of individuals

Answer 112

The ability to alter one’s own emotional state. It may involve behaviors such as rethinking a challenging situation to reduce anger or anxiety, hiding visible signs of sadness or fear or focusing on reasons to feel happy or calm

Answer 113

Reappraisal Acceptance Suppression

Answer 114

The process of reinterpreting the causes of an emotion and its meaning for the individual

Answer 115

Adopting an open and welcoming attitude to one’s emotions

Answer 116

An emotion regulation strategy byt which people attenuate the outward signs of the emotion

Answer 117

The broad idea that emotions coordinate social interactions in ways that enable people to meet social opportunities and challenges Emotions and their accompanying patterns of experience, expression and physiology enable people to form, maintain and negotiate the relationships that matter most to them (Shifting our construal of the social context)

Answer 118

It signals our commitment to other’s well-being Can motivate us to act in ways that prioritize the well-being of others Guilts usually leads to an apology

Answer 119

The chemical Oxytocin, fosters emotion and strengthens commitment in long-term familial relationships and friendships Produced in the hypothamlamus and released into the brain andbloodstream Giving birth raises oxytocin levels to enable caregiving abilities (also prevalent in nonhuman species)

Answer 120

i.e; being fearful after 9/11 made people more prone to exaggerate threats around them Being angry at school or at work translated to more hostile interactions at home with their loved ones

Answer 121

When positive, you are more creative, flexible and open minded. When negative, you are more angry and closed minded

Answer 122

The idea that positive emotions broaden our thoughts and actions, helping people build social relationships Negative emotions focus our attention to narrow details People in a positive emotional state are likely to affilaite with outgroups and sharing deeper similarities with their romantic partner People in positive condition picked the less obvious combination of shapes - broaden view

Answer 123

Life satisfaction “How satisfied are you with your life?” Emotional well-being

Answer 124

Countries with the strongest safety nets are the happiest Good school, care for the elderly, parental leave from work, etc (Finland, Sweden and Norway) People are the most happy when they are with their friends, romantic partners and relaxing Least happy commuting, working and spending time on the computer

Answer 125

Happiness begins to fall during adolescence, reaching low point at age 50 and then going back up to age 75, where it begins to plateau again

Answer 126

It enables better work Productivity, creativity, curious and rigorous Helps improve your personal relationships Sharing laughter and smiles Better health Less physical pain, better sleep, fewer headaches Stronger cardiovascular and immune systems May even increase life expectancy

Answer 127

Predicting future emotions, such as whether an event will result in happiness, anger or sadness and for how long

Answer 128

The tendency for people to underestimate their capacity to be resilient in responding to difficult life events, which leads them to overestimate the extent to which life’s problems will reduce personal well-being We may predict large feelings of sadness after a breakup but we may not experience as much as expected as we have a psychological immune system First time breakups and experienced breakups yielded the same amount of happiness but the experienced breakups predicted more unhappiness due to immune neglect

Answer 129

A tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event while neglecting the possible impact of peripheral considerations or extraneous events A breakup is the central focus, but we fail to consider that we will now spend more time with friends Moving into a really nice apartment is the central focus, but we fail to consider the financial stresses

Answer 130

The peak moment The end The length

Answer 131

Has a strong influence The most beautiful sunset

Answer 132

Has a stong influence as well Make sure the end of your date ends on a high note Inspiring conclusions etc

Answer 133

Not much of an effect Duration neglect The relative unimportance of the length of an emotional experience, whether pleasurable or unpleasant, in retrospective assessments of the overall experience

Answer 134

Being around friends and loved ones Economic stability is a factor in happiness but after $75,000 a year there is no difference in emotional well-being Gratitude/Gratefulness Giving over receiving Try to cultivate experiences that can lead to awe (Being around inspiring people/Being outdoors enjoying nature/Watching awe-inspirng films)

Answer 135

Judgments about what we consider to be universally right or wrong about human action and character and what is worthy of punishment/reward. Jurors are often told to put their feelings aside when arriving at a decision about the guilt or innocence of the defendant, sentence lengths and punitive damages. (Ignore your feelings and rely on pure reason.)

Answer 136

The idea that people first have fast, emotional reactions to morally relevant events that in turn influence their process of reasoning toward a judgment of right or wrong We feel our way to moral judgments / Reason follow our gut feeling

Answer 137

moral judgments involve quick emotional responses followed by deliberative reasoning Trolley dilemma activates brain regions associated with working memory and deliberative reasoning Footbridge dilemma activates regions of the brain that are involved in emotional processing

Answer 138

A theory proposing that there are five evolved, universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgments This claims that our moral judgments are shaped by deep intuitions within 5 "foundations"

Answer 139

Carelharm foundation Fairness and reciprocity Ingroup loyalty Authority /respect Purity/sanctity These foundations are thought to be universal morality within every culture that in turn shapes the social, economic and religious dimensions for that culture.

Answer 140

Centers on a concern for the suffering of others especially vulnerable individuals. (people in need of help)

Answer 141

Focuses on concerns that others act in a just, equitable fashion and it is triggered by unfair acts (scamming/deceiving...) Anger is the quintessential emotion associated with violations of fairness since it fuels our passion for justice

Answer 142

Commitments we made to those in the group in which we belong Foundation for strong, cohesive social collectives and evokes emotions like group pride (loyalty) or rage (betrayal)

Answer 143

Related to honoring one's place in social hierarchy Our intuitions about respect are expressed in our experience of emotions such as embarrassment, shame, envy and pride

Answer 144

Centers on avoiding dangerous diseases and contaminants and socially impure ideas/actions. Disgust is the emotion more closely associated with this.

Answer 145

Fairness and freedom were more relevant to liberal's everyday life Loyalty, authority and purity were more relevant to conservative's everyday life Conservatives TEND TO BE AWARE that liberals value fairness and avoidance of harm more than they themselves do and that liberals value the other moral foundations less Liberals GENERALLY FAIL to realize that conservatives' views often stem from the emphasis of In the U.S. liberals feel the sense of loyalty and authority like conservatives to their nation.

Answer 146

Prosocial behavior that benefits others without regard to the consequences for oneself i.e; Because of COVID, a restaurant was closing down so they made meals for the homeless without expecting anything in return (not even praise)

Answer 147

Social reward (selfish motive) A benefit such as praise, positive attention, something tangible, or gratitude, that may be gained from helping others and thus serves as a motive for altruistic behavior. Personal distress (selfish motive) A motive for helping others in distress that may arise from a need to reduce one's own distress Empathic concern (unselfish motive) Identifying with someone in need, including feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person

Answer 148

Empathy Identifying with someone in need, including feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person Personal distress A motive for helping others in distress that may arise from a need to reduce one's own distress

Answer 149

Observations in chimpanzees and bonobos have found that they occasionally provide care to those in need, such as fellow primates have lost their eyesight or are crippled. They also regularly share food with non-kin in their community a basic form of altruistic action

Answer 150

Kitty Genovese and Stanley Milgram's experiment Bystander effect Diffusion of responsibility Pluralistic ignorance Victim characteristics (not screaming - maybe not in that much pain, race)

Answer 151

If someone's in trouble, bystanders may do nothing if they are not sure what is happening and don't see anyone else responding. Ex. No one is doing anything so nothing must be wrong

Answer 152

Make your need clear ("ouch! I twisted my ankle, someone help") Select a specific person ("you, there, can you help me?")

Answer 153

Smaller communities might be kinder and more altruistic than larger cities People in rural areas report higher levels of empathic concerns

Answer 154

The amount of stimulation is greater in an urban area/in a city than in a smaller community Diversity hypothesis More people are generally around to help in urban areas/cities In a rural setting (small town), people's actions are more likely to be judged/observed by others that know you and can comment on their reputations.

Answer 155

Those who have less give more, at least in terms of the proportion of their income that they donate to charity Are people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds more likely to act in a prosocial fashion since they seem to be more altruistic?

Answer 156

More likely to be generous if given $10 – might go out and buy a sandwich for a homeless person... Even passing by a religious building/background increases prosocial behaviors

Answer 157

Evolutionary strategy that favors behaviors that favors the reproductive success of one's genetic relatives even at a cost to one's own survival and reproduction People should be more likely to help those who share more of their genes (ex. Would help sister before first cousins, first cousins more than second cousins...)

Answer 158

We help our friends too, and sometimes even strangers that we have never met before if they are in danger

Answer 159

Helping others with the expectation that they will probably return the favor in the future. People would rather cooperate than compete

Answer 160

Two people in different rooms and you have to choose compete or cooperate If both choose cooperate - $5 each If both choose compete - $2 each If one picks compete and the other cooperate - $8 to the compete choice

Answer 161

Prisoner's dilemma in real life is more complicated You see people every day – if it is with someone you know, there is more to think about than what you gain from it. With strangers, people are more likely to cooperate with someone who smiles and seems nice and similar to themselves.

Answer 162

The collective beliefs, evaluations, and impressions people hold about an individual within a social network We tend to interact with people that we know and whose reputations we know from others.

Answer 163

Strategy in the prisoner's dilemma game in which the player's first move is cooperative, thereafter the player mimics the other person's behavior whether cooperative or competitive. This strategy fares well when used against other strategies.