Posterior Abdominal Wall and Kidneys Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
The diaphragm has 3 openings or hiatus’s, what are they?
A
Inferior vena cava, esophageal and vagal trunks, aortic, azygos and thoracic ducts.
2
Q
At what vertebral level does the inferior vena cava opening come in to the diaphragm?
Esophageal and vagal trunks?
Aortic, azygos and thoracic duct?
A
T8, T10, T12
3
Q
What is the treatment for chronic hiccups?
A
crush the phrenic nerve
4
Q
Bochdalek’s hernia is … and …
A
back and left
5
Q
Morgagni hernia is a ….
A
hole in the front of the diaphragm
6
Q
2 fascias of the abdominal wall
A
psoas fascia and renal or Gerota’s fascia.
7
Q
Psoas fascia forms the…
A
medial arcuate ligament
8
Q
Posterior abdominal wall muscles
A
QL, psoas, iliacus
9
Q
Psoas abscess
A
collection of pus in the iliopsoas muscle
10
Q
Primary psoas abscess risk factors..from distant site.
A
diabetes, intravenous drug use, HIV, renal failure, other forms of immunosuppression
11
Q
Secondary psoas abscess occurs as a result of direct spread of infection to psoas from adjacent structures such as..
A
vertebrae, hip arthroplasty, GI, aorta, genitourinary tract
12
Q
Psoas abscesses are more common in
A
males
13
Q
Posterior abdominal wall nerves (8)
A
subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral, obturator, lumbosacral trunk
14
Q
subcostal nerve vertebral column
A
T12
15
Q
iliohypogastric nerve vertebral column
A
L1
16
Q
ilioinguinal nerve vertebral column
A
L1
17
Q
genitofemoral nerve vertebral columns
A
L1, L2
18
Q
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve vertebral columns
A
L2, L3
19
Q
Femoral nerve vertebral columns
A
L2-L4
20
Q
Obturator nerve vertebral columns
A
L2-L4
21
Q
Lumbosacral trunk nerves vertebral columns
A
L4, L5
22
Q
Subcostal nerve runs… to 12th rib.
A
inferior
23
Q
Subcostal nerve is … to QL
A
anterior
24
Q
Subcostal nerve acts as a … nerve to hypogastrium and lateral cutaneous.
A
sensory
25
Subcostal nerve serves as a...nerve to anterior wall/diaphragm.
motor
26
Iliohypogastric nerve is ... to QL. Serves as a ....nerve to hip. It might be joined with.
anterior, sensory, ilioinguinal nerve
27
Ilioinguinal nerve is on the ....of QL. It comes out of the ....
anterior surface, superficial inguinal ring
28
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh runs ...to iliacus muscle. When compressed it causes?
anterior
| meralgia paresthetica or lateral femoral cutaneous nerve syndrome
29
Femoral nerve runs ... to psoas.
lateral
30
Femoral nerve serves as a ....nerve to psoas, iliacus, anterior thigh muscles and ... to thigh and leg.
motor, sensory
31
Genitofemoral nerve runs ....of psoas muscle. The genital branch serves as a ... nerve to cremasteric muscle and ....to scrotal/labial skin.
Femoral branch is sensory to skin over...
anterior
motor
sensory
femoral triangle and medial thigh
32
Cremastic reflex tests the...
genitofemoral nerve and L1/L2
33
Obturator nerve runs .... psoas. It serves as a ... nerve to the adductor muscles of the thigh and ... to medial thigh above the knee.
deep on, medial border; motor, sensory
34
Lumbosacral trunk runs ... and .... to psoas and obturator nerve. It joins S1 at .... It is ... and .... to glute, thigh and leg.
deep and medial.
sacral plexus
motor and sensory
35
Adrenal gland is on the posterior wall at which vertebral column?
T12-L1
36
Adrenal glands are ...
retroperitoneal
37
Adrenal glands are enclosed in
renal fascia (Gerotas)
38
Adrenal glands are composed of 2 parts:
cortex endocrine, medulla sympathetic ganglion
39
There is no....innervation of adrenal glands.
parasympathetic
40
Adrenal glands only have ... fibers and release ...% norepinephrine and ...% epinephrine.
pre-ganglionic
20
80
41
The renal pelvis is also called..
infudibulum
42
Renal arteries arise from ....intervertebral discs.
L1/L2
43
Right renal artery passes ...to IVC.
posterior
44
Left renal artery passes... to left renal vein.
posterior
45
Left renal vein receives .... and passes anterior to aorta.
left testicular/ovarian vein (gonadal veins)
46
Nerve innervation to the kidneys
lesser splanchnic and least splanchnic (T10-L1)
47
Most common type of kidney stone? What causes them?
calcium oxalate; inadequate calcium and fluid intake
48
Another reason for a kidney stone?
uric acid
49
The horse-shoe kidney is formed because it is prevented from raising up by the ...
root of the inferior mesenteric artery
50
Horse-shoe kidney is found people with what syndrome?
Turners
51
People with Horse-shoe kidneys have ....at a greater frequency.
UTIs
52
3 non-paired vessels of the abdmen
celiac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
53
The two vessels we need to know that are paired in the abdomen?
renal, gonadal
54
Celiac trunk supplies blood to ...
foregut organs
55
Superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the ...
midgut organs
56
Inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the ...
hindgut organs
57
Abdominal aorta enters the abdomen through the diaphragm at ...., branches off the ...artery at ...., SMA at inferior edge of ...., renal artery and vein at ...., IMA at .... and bifurcates into common iliac arteries at inferior edge of ....
```
T12
Celiac, T12/L1
L1
L1-L2
L3
L4
```
58
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm is defined as having an aorta that is larger than...cm and if it becomes ...cm it will need to be repaired.
3
| over 5
59
Most common site of AAA is
below the renal arteries
60
AAA presents as....
painless pulsatile abdominal mass
61
AAA is common in
adults over 60 and males more than females
62
AAA is associated with
atherosclerosis
63
AAA is the .... leading cause of death.
13th
64
At T12/L1, short anterior branch of celiac artery gives off...
left gastric
splenic
common hepatic
65
Celiac trunk and branches provide
blood to foregut organs
66
Left gastric artery has an ...branch. It is located on the ... side of the lesser curvature of the stomach. It ...with the right gastric artery.
esophageal
left
anastomosis
67
The splenic artery is ...and ...along the superior border of the pancreas.
retroperitoneal
| coiling
68
The splenic artery branches off to ....
pancreatic branch
short gastric arteries to the fundus of the stomach
left gastro omental
69
Common hepatic artery bifurcates at the pylorus into...
hepatic proper and gastroduodenal artery
70
Hepatic proper artery is ....while gastroduodenal is ...
ascending
| descending
71
Hepatic proper artery branches off into
right gastric artery
| left and right hepatic artery
72
Superior mesenteric artery descends anterior to...
left renal vein, 3rd part of duodenum an uncinate process of pancreas.
73
The superior mesenteric artery has ... branches.
intestinal
74
The superior mesenteric artery (descending toward the right) into 3 branches:
middle colic, right colic, and ileocolic
75
Superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to ...organs
midgut
76
Inferior mesenteric artery originates @ ...level.
L3
77
The inferior mesenteric artery descends toward rectum with 3 branches:
left colic, sigmoid, superior rectal
78
Inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to ...organs
hindgut
79
Variation of SMA and IMA is ... which shortcuts SMA and IMA
Arc of Riolan
80
The hepatic portal vein has ....valves
no
81
The hepatic portal vein collects ...blood from GI organs and sends to the ...
high nutrient blood
| liver
82
After the hepatic portal vein sends blood to liver, it returns it to ... via hepatic veins.
IVC
83
Portal vein is formed by...
splenic vein and SMV
84
The portal vein is ..pancreas neck at the ...plane.
behind
| transpyloric
85
The portal vein is .... to IVC.
Anterior
86
The portal vein is ..portal triad.
within
87
Portal vein is on the ... wall of the omentum foramen.
anterior
88
The portal vein enters ...
porta hepatis
89
What venous plexuses allow portal vein to anastomose with systemic veins?
esophageal plexus
paraumbilical plexus
rectal plexuses
90
Paraumbilical plexus clinical manefistation?
caput Madusae
91
Rectal plexuses clinical manesfistation?
hemorrhoids
92
Portal hypertension
increased pressure of hepatic portal vein due to scarring or fibrosis of the liver or obstruction of the blood flow
93
Portal hypertension causes lower esophageal .... which are abnormally dilated veins.
venous varices
94
In general, most sensory information is carried through the ... portion of ANS. Exception to this rule?
sympathetic
| some sensory from pelvic
95
Visceral innervation is mostly..
sympathetic T1-L2
96
Greater splanchnic nerves vertebral associations? Which organs do they innervate?
T5-T9
| celiac ganglion and foregut organs
97
Lesser splanchnic nerves vertebral associations? Which organs do they innervate?
T10-11
| superior mesenteric ganglion and midgut organs
98
Least splanchnic nerves vertebral associations? Which organs do they innervate?
T12
| inferior mesenteric ganglion and hindgut organs
99
Lumbar and sacral nerves, what do they innervate?
superior and inferior hypogastric plexus and pelvic organs
100
Sympathetic nerve fibers route starting from the spinal cord: preganglionic fibers leave spinal nerve via ... and ... in paravertebral ganglion.
Preganglionic fibers ... or ....
Preganglionic fibers that descended within sympathetic trunk to ...or ... vertebral level then synapse. Post ganglionic fibers go back into spinal nerve via ...
Preganglionic fibers pass through ....and become ..., travel ... and synapse.
```
white rami communicantes
synapse
ascend or descend
higher or lower
gray rami communicantes
para-vertebral ganglion
splanchnic nerves
pre aortic/prevertebral gang
```
101
All primary rami of spinal nerves carry ....fibers.
postganglionic sympathetic efferent
102
Visceral innervation-parasympathetic has two centers: ...via...to all abdominal organs and ... via ....to hindgut organs.
brainstem via vagus nerve
| S2-4 via pelvic splanchnic nerve
