Back Flashcards
1
Q
How many Cervical vertebrae?
A
7
2
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae?
A
12
3
Q
how many lumbar vertebrae?
A
5
4
Q
how many sacral vertebrae?
A
5 fused
5
Q
how many coxygeal?
A
4 fused
6
Q
Vertebral body is what direction from spinal cord?
A
anterior
7
Q
vertebral body resembles what kind of bone?
A
short long
8
Q
from the vertebral body, there are 2 of each of these…
A
pedicles and laminae
9
Q
vertebrae also contain 4….2….1…
A
4 articular processes, 2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process
10
Q
function of vertebral foramen
A
helps form the vertebral canal containing the spinal cord.
11
Q
intervertebral foramen is formed by…
A
inferior and superior vertebral notches
12
Q
intervertebral foramen contains…
A
dorsal root ganglion and spinal nerves
13
Q
how many vertebral processes
A
7
14
Q
how many lever-like processes?
A
3
15
Q
how many spinous process?
A
1
16
Q
how many transverse processes?
A
2
17
Q
how many articular processes?
A
4
18
Q
spinous process extends…..
A
posteriorly and inferiorly
19
Q
spinous process is connected by…
A
interspinous ligaments, supraspinous ligament
20
Q
transverse process originates from…
A
junction of the pedicles and laminae
21
Q
transverse process serves as the site of…
A
muscle attachment
22
Q
articular facets are at … angles
A
oblique
23
Q
articular facets limit….
A
rotation and flexion of adjacent vertebral bodies. it adds stability to vertebral column
24
Q
inferior articular process faces…
A
inferior and lateral
25
superior articular process faces..
superior and medial
26
pars interarticularis is...
the portion between the superior and inferior articular facet on each vertebra.
27
cervical vertebrae are unique in having...
foramen transversarium for vertebral artery in C1-C6
28
C7 foramen transversarium only contains...
accessory vertebral vein
29
C7 has an extra long ....
spinous process
30
cervical spinal processes of C2-C6 are generally...
bifid (split in two)
31
atlas
C1
32
axis
C2
33
C1 superior articular facets receives ....of the occipital bone of the skull
occipital condyles
34
atlas has no...or .....
body or spinous process
35
atlas does have a ...and...
posterior arch and posterior tubercle
36
articular processes project superiorly and inferiorly in the lumbar vertebrae to...and limits...
limit rotation, flexion and extension
37
lumbar vertebrae has an additional process for muscle attachment called....(also presents on...inferior thoracic vertebrae)
mamillary process, 4
38
spinal flexion places more force on the ...
vertebral bodies and discs
39
spinal extension transfers more force on...
facet joints (sometimes called posterior column)
40
facet joints are also known as
zygapophyseal joints
41
facet joints limit movements between
adjacent vertebrae
42
it is the change in direction of the facet joints that
limits mobility of the vertebrae in different regions of the body
43
ala
lateral mass of the sacrum that articulate with the pelves
44
sacral hiatus
opening on the posterior surface at the end of the sacral canal.
45
sacral hiatus is marked on each side by
inferior sacral cornu
46
the sacral hiatus is covered by the
posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
47
discs are responsible for
1/4 of height of column
48
intervertebral discs are.... or fibrocartilaginous articulation between hyaline cartilage on the end of the bodies of the vertebrae
symphysis
49
intervertebral discs have 2 parts:
annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus
50
annulus fibrosis
concentric layers of oblique fibers running around and between vertebral bodies
51
nucleus pulposus
avascular gelatinous mass, derived from the notochord.
52
intervertebral foramen allow spinal nerves to exit from the...
spinal cord
53
dorsal root ganglia sits in the
intervertebral foramen
54
anterior longitudinal ligament
strong, broad, fibrous band running anterior to the vertebral bodies and discs from base of skull to sacrum, limiting hyperextension.
55
posterior longitudinal ligament
narrower in lower lumbar region, weaker than anterior longitudinal ligament, runs within the vertebral canal. helps stabilize the vertebral bodies
56
posterior longitudinal ligament is .... to the vertebral body but ....to the spinal cord
posterior, anterior
57
posterior longitudinal ligament becomes....at the base of the skull
tectorial membrane
58
ligamentum flavum
elastic fibers extend from lamina to lamina and foramens posterior boundary of intervertebral foramen and posterior wall of spinal canal
59
sacral hiatus is covered by the
posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
60
which regions of the spine take on secondary curvature as we learn to walk?
cervical and lumbar
61
spinal cord begins at the... and ends...
medulla L1 or L2
62
spinal cord segments do not correspond to
vertebral segments
63
spinal cord contains ...pairs of spinal nerves made up of ventral motor roots and dorsal sensory roots
31
64
7 cervical vertebrae but ... cervical spinal levels
8
65
C1 nerve exits above
atlas
66
C2 nerve exits below
atlas
67
C8 nerve exits below
C7
68
for the thorax, lumbar and sacral regions the nerve exits below
the corresponding vertebra
69
cervical enlargement accomodates
C4-T1 for brachial plexus
70
lumbosacral enlargement accomodates but lies at
L1 to S3, T11 to L2
71
meninges of the spinal cord consist of three parts:
dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
72
dura mater is a tough fibroeleastic connective tissue sheath, it is .... within the vertebral canal
free
73
Dura mater is continuous with the cranial dura at the
foramen magnum
74
dura mater ends at the
inferior border of S2 in most adults
75
between the dura mater and the periosteum is the
extradural or epidural spaces
76
inside the dura mater are the
arachnoid mater and the denticulate ligament
77
denticulate ligament is a
ribbon like structure extending laterally from the midline from each side of the spinal cord to attach to inner surface.
78
denticulate ligament stablizes
spinal cord within the dura mater
79
arachnoid mater separates the
pia from dura, the subarachnoid space
80
arachnoid layer is applied both directly to ....surface of dura (....layer) and sends... through the subarachnoid space to the pia (visceral layer)
inner, parietal, arachnoid trabeculae
81
arachnoid mater on the inner dural surface is responsible for
containing cerebral spinal fluid
82
pia mater
composed of two fused layers of connective tissue which encloses the network of blood vessels which supply the spinal cord
83
denticulate ligament is formed of
pia mater
84
spinal cord ends in the
conus medullaris at L2
85
the dura mater and subarachnoid spaces end at
S2`
86
from L2-S2 is called
lumbar cisterna
87
lumbar cisterna contains
cauda equina, filum terminale, cerebral spinal fluid
88
cauda equina
spinal nerves distal to conus medullaris
89
filum terminale
strand of connective tissue from the end of the L2 ot inferiorly attach to the S2.
90
largest spinal subarachnoid space
lumbar cistern
91
lumbar cistern is .... to conus medullaris (L2) and prior to termination of dura mater at S2
caudal
92
total volume of CSF
120-150 ml
93
how much CSF is produced every day?
450-500 ml
94
CSF has a normal pressure of ..
70-180 mm
