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Human Gross Anatomy > Posterior Abdominal Wall- Exam III > Flashcards

Posterior Abdominal Wall- Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the physical barrier between the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

A

No physical barrier- only arbitrary

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2
Q

What creates the ceiling, floor, and walls of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Ceiling- diaphragm
Floor- pelvic organs (bladder, uterus, rectum)
Posterior wall- bones of vertebral column (lumbar region), and muscles
Anterior lateral wall- muscle & connective tissue

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3
Q

Abdomen + pelvis =

A

One continuous space

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4
Q

Sheet of skeletal muscle and connective tissue that forms a physical barrier between the thorax & abdomen:

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

What vertebra comprise the posterior abdominal wall?

A

T12-L5

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6
Q

Where do we consider the posterior abdominal wall to stop at?

A

Disc between L5 & sacrum

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7
Q

What does the hip bone break down into?

A

Ileum, Ischium, & pubis

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8
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament stretch between?

A

Pubic tubercle to iliac spine

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9
Q

Where is the obturator foramen & what passes through it?

A

Holes on either side of pubis & passageway for nerves

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10
Q

Part of the bony pelvis that is connected to the sacrum:

A

Ilium

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11
Q

Part of upper margin of ilium that is a blunt, curving, long ridge:

A

Iliac crest

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12
Q

The concavity below the iliac crest, facing the midline of the body:

A

Iliac fossa

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13
Q

Where the iliac crest comes to a point:

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

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14
Q

What do we consider our hip bones?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

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15
Q

Label 1-8:

A
  1. Iliac crest
  2. Iliac fossa
  3. Anterior superior iliac spine
  4. Inguinal ligament
  5. Ilium
  6. Sacrum
  7. Obturator foramen
  8. Pubic tubercle
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16
Q

How far does the diaphragm come down into the abdominal cavity?

A

Rib 12

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17
Q

What muscle will form a large portion of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Diaphragm

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18
Q

Describe the shape of the diaphragm:

A

Highly curbed arching dome

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19
Q

What do the upper abdominal organs attach to?

A

Posterior abdominal wall by sticking to the diaphragm

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20
Q

What two muscles of the posterior abdominal wall both attach to the transverse processes of lumbar vertebra?

A

Psoas major & quadratus lumborum

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21
Q

What posterior abdominal wall muscles function in lower limb movement?

A

(Muscles that cross the hip joint) Iliacus & psoas major

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22
Q

The quadratus lumborum primarily functions in what type of movement?

A

Primarily a lateral flexor of trunk

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23
Q

What is the practical function of the quadratus lumborum:

A

Trunk stabilization

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24
Q

Long & thick strong muscle that will originate from the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebra & 12th thoracic vertebra

A

Psoas major

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25
Q

A cylindrical muscle that comes from multiple origins on individual vertebra

A

Psoas major

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26
Q

Muscle that acts across the hip join & produces motions of the lower limb (although found in the abdominal & pelvis) and function mainly in lower limb movement

A

Psoas major

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27
Q

The psoas major comes down and narrows into a _____ that will cross the hip joint and insert into the ___.

A

Tendon; femur

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28
Q

Muscle that is located on the surface of the psoas major

A

Psoas minor

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29
Q

Thin mostly fibrous muscle that does NOT cross the hip joint, inserts on the front of the pelvis and may be associated with proprioception and some people don’t even have these

A

Psoas minor

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30
Q

Fan shaped muscle that is located within the iliac fossa

A

Iliacus

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31
Q

The iliacus crosses the hip joint to function in ____ limb movement and functions to _____.

A

Lower limb movement; flex the hip

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32
Q

Two posterior abdominal wall muscles that have the exact same function.

A

Iliacus & psoas major

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33
Q

Iliacus + psoas major

A

Iliopsoas

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34
Q

Tendons of what two posterior abdominal wall muscles fuse together?

A

Iliacus and psoas major

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35
Q

Muscle of the lower back that is lateral to the psoas minor:

A

Quadratus lumborum

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36
Q

The quadratus lumborum is named for:

A

It’s shape and location

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37
Q

What muscle has an origin coming off of the iliac crest

A

Quadratus lumborum

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38
Q

The quadratus lumborum has a free lateral margin that:

A

Doesn’t attach to anything

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39
Q

The quadratus lumborum has multiple insertions including:

A

12th rib & transverse processes of lumbar vertebra

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40
Q

On the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebra, describe the attachments of the quadratus lumborum and psoas major:

A

Psoas major attaches in front of the quadratus lumborum attachments

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41
Q

We tend to use the quadratus lumborum on:

A

One side at a time

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42
Q

When using the QL, we flex the trunk laterally toward:

A

The side where the QL is contracted

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43
Q

Does the QL function in lower limb movement? Why?

A

No, does not cross the hip joint

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44
Q

Origin of QL?

A

Iliac crest

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45
Q

The origin of the quadratus lumborum is considered _____. This is involved in teacup movement.

A

Stationary

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46
Q

The QL is active when _____ to help stabilize the trunk and control your center of gravity

A

Walking

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47
Q

Label

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. Rib 12
  3. Iliac crest
  4. Iliacus
  5. Psoas minor
  6. Psoas major
  7. Quadratus lumborum
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48
Q

Are posterior abdominal wall deep intrinsic back muscle or hypaxial muscle?

A

Hypaxial muscles

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49
Q

because the posterior abdominal wall muscles are all hypaxial muscles they are all innervated by:

A

Ventral rami of spinal nerves

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50
Q

The muscles of the posterior abdominal wall need input from :

A

Multiple spinal cord levels

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51
Q

The quadratus lumborum is innervated by:

A

Ventral rami of spinal nerves T12- L4

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52
Q

How many different spinal cord levels are responsible for innervating the quadratus lumborum

A

5 levels

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53
Q

Both the psoas major and psoas minor are innervated by:

A

Ventral rami of spinal nerves L1 - L3

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54
Q

The iliacus is innervated by:

A

The femoral nerve

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55
Q

The femoral nerve is a combination of spinal cord levels:

A

L2, L3, L4

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56
Q
A
  1. Quadratus lumborum
  2. Psoas major
  3. Iliacus
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57
Q

The psoas major and iliacus tendons fuse together an go ______ to the hip joint.

A

Anterior

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58
Q

The psoas major originates off both:

A

Bodies and transverse processes of vertebra

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59
Q

Once the tendons of iliacus and psoas major fuse, where do they attach?

A

Lesser trochanter of femur

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60
Q

All of the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall are anterior to the:

A

Deep intrinsic back muscles

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61
Q

What two muscles are anterior to the QL?

A

Iliacus & psoas major

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62
Q

What is the origin of the QL?

A

Iliac crest near midline

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63
Q

Where does the QL instert/attach?

A

12th and transverse processes of lumbar vertebra

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64
Q
A
  1. Anterolateral abdominal wall mm
  2. Thoracolumbar fascia
  3. Quadratus fascia
  4. Psoas fascia
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65
Q
A
  1. Quadratus
  2. Iliocostalis
  3. Longissimus
    4.multifidus
  4. Psoas
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66
Q

Envelope that surrounds the deep intrinsic back muscles:

A

Thoracolumbar fascia

67
Q

What are the muscles inside the thoracolumbar fascia innervated by?

A

Dorsal ramus of one or more spinal nerves

68
Q

What are the muscles outside of the thoracolumbar fascia innervated by?

A

Ventral rami of one or more spinal nerves

69
Q

Thickened epimysium covering the psoas major

A

Psoas fascia

70
Q

Where is the psoas minor relative to the psoas fascia?

A

Outside

71
Q

Thickened epimysium layer covering the quadratus lumborum:

A

Quadratus fascia

72
Q

Both the psoas major and QL are outside of the thoracolumbar fascia so they are considered to be ____ muscles, and innervated by ____.

A

Abdominal muscles; ventral rami

73
Q

What are both the psoas fascia and QL important for?

A

Diaphragm

74
Q

What is the left crus attached to?

A

L1 & L2 vertebra

75
Q

What is the right crus attached to?

A

L1-L3 vertebra

76
Q

Posterior attachment of the diaphragm:

A

Vertebral bodies (bone)

77
Q

Laterally & anteriorly where does the diaphragm attach to?

A

Ribs & costal cartilages

78
Q

When there is no bone in front (anteriorly), in order to strengthen the attachments of the diaphragm, what occurs?

A

Thickened fascia in the form of psoas fascia and QL fascia

79
Q

What are the 3 areas of which the diaphragm itself is thickened:

A
  1. Median actuate ligament ligament
  2. Medial arcuate ligaments
  3. Lateral arcuate ligament
80
Q

Opening in the midline of the diaphragm? What is the thickened fascia around this?

A

Aortic hiatus; median arcuate ligament

81
Q

What is the thickened area of the diaphragm that crosses the quadratus lumborum?

A

Lateral arcuate ligament

82
Q

Thickened lower border of diaphragm that crosses the psoas major: (one on either side)

A

Medial arcuate ligament

83
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds the aortic hiatus involving the two crura of the diaphragm:

A

Median arcuate ligament

84
Q
A
  1. Lateral arcuate ligament
  2. Medial arcuate ligament
  3. Median arcuate ligament
85
Q

What is the lumbar plexus?

A

Set of B/L nerves made of the ventral rami of T12-L5 spinal nerves.

86
Q

What spinal cord levels are involved in the ventral rami of the lumbar plexus?

A

T12-L5

87
Q

What type of information does the lumbar plexus carry?

A

Somatic motor, Somatic sensory, sympathetics

88
Q

Most of the nerves of the lumbar plexus carry axons from:

A

More than one spinal cord level

89
Q

All plexuses in general are collections of axons that come off of:

A

Ventral rami of spinal nerves

90
Q

The somatic motor axons of the lumbar plexus innervate:

A

Hypaxial derived skeletal muscle

91
Q

The somatic sensory axons of the lumbar plexus innervate/ supply:

A

Skin (touch, temp, pain, pressure)

92
Q

What axons respond to touch, temp, pain, & pressure in the skin?

A

Somatic sensory axons

93
Q

Example of somatic sensations:

A

Touch , temp, pressure, pain

94
Q

The sympathetic axons of the lumbar plexus innervate:

A

Visceral body wall structures (sweat glands & smooth muscle axons)

95
Q

Why is the lumbar plexus necessary?

A

Because the muscles of the lower limbs are larger, they are derived from multiple myotomes which in turn requires innervation from the corresponding multiple spinal cord levels

96
Q

A group of muscles that is innervated by a single spinal cord root:

A

Myotomes

97
Q

How many myotomes are the muscles from the lower limbs derived from?

A

Multiple

98
Q

The multiple myotomes comprising the muscles of the lower limbs require innervation from:

A

Multiple corresponding spinal nerves (multiple levels)

99
Q

Describe the patches of skin supplied by nerves that come out of the plexus:

A

Bigger, larger, irregular shaped patches of skin (not nice & neat)

100
Q

What type of nerves are innervating the skin that covers the limbs?

A

Somatic sensory

101
Q

The patterns of somatic sensory supply to the skin of the lower limbs differs when comparing it to:

A

Dermatomes to nerves

102
Q

In the limbs, we need to make more complex, larger muscles and we do this by combining _____ together during development

A

Somites

103
Q

What is the motion of picking up a limb and moving it forward?

A

Flexion of hip

104
Q

What is the motion of straightening a limb and moving it backwards? (Posteriorly)

A

Extension of hip

105
Q

What is the motion of moving a limb laterally away from the midline (outward)?

A

Abduction of hip

106
Q

What is lateral motion of moving a limb inward toward the midline?

A

Adduction of hip

107
Q

If the knee is posteriorly bent backwards in an “L” shape

A

Flexion of knee

108
Q

When leg and knee are straightened out (thigh + knee + ankle in a straight line)

A

Extension of knee

109
Q

We have ventral rami that come out from T12-L5 of spinal cord and as soon as these ventral rami get out of the posterior abdominal wall, they:

A

Establish connections between eachother

110
Q

The connections of the ventral rami are making nerves that will be able to:

A

Supply muscles from multiple spinal cord levels

111
Q

The whole point of having the lumbar plexus:

A

To make big nerves from multiple spinal cord levels that can supply big muscles and big areas of skin

112
Q

The subcostal nerve involves what ventral ramus?

A

T12 ventral ramus

113
Q

The subcostal nerve is basically a ____ however its named differently because of its inferior location

A

Intercostal nerve

114
Q

What type of nerve is the subcostal nerve?

A

Mixed nerve

115
Q

What type of information does the subcostal nerve carry?

A

Somatic motor, Somatic sensory, Sympathetics

116
Q

The somatic motor function of the subcostal nerve innervates:

A

Abdominal wall muscles

117
Q

The somatic sensory function of the subcostal nerve innervates:

A

T12 dermatomes of abdominal wall

118
Q

The sympathetic function of the subcostal nerve innervates:

A

Sweat glands, cutaneous vasculature, and smooth muscle that needs supply from autonomics

119
Q

Superior branch of nerve coming out of L1 ventral ramus

A

iliohypogastric nerve

120
Q

Inferior branch of nerve coming out of L1 ventral ramus

A

Ilioinguinal

121
Q

The L1 nerves is considered to be a ____ nerve

A

mixed nerve

122
Q

What type of information is carried in the L1 nerve? (both superior and inferior branches)

A

Somatic motor, somatic sensory, & sympathetics

123
Q

What are the 2 branches of the L1 nerve of the lumbar plexus

A

iliohypogastic nerve & ilioinguinal nerve

124
Q

What branch of the L1 nerve is most superior?

A

iliohypogastric

125
Q

What does the somatic motor component of the L1 nerve innervate (both iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal)

A

muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

126
Q

What does the somatic sensory component of the L1 nerve innervate? (both iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal)

A

L1 dermatome

127
Q

What does the sympathetic component of the L1 nerve innervate? (both iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal)

A

L1 dermatome

128
Q

The iliohypogastric branch of the L1 spinal nerve tends to stay above _____ up into the ____

A

iliac crest & up into the abdominal wall

129
Q

The ilioinguinal branch of the L1 spinal nerve tends to extend downward further to the:

A

medial and anterior portions of the thigh & external genetalia

130
Q

What branch of the L1 spinal nerve extends downward inferiorly & is longer?

A

inlioinguinal nerve

131
Q

Nerve combining axons from L1 to L2

A

Genitofemoral nerve

132
Q

The genitofermoral nerve is unusual because: (2)

A

males & females have different combinations of axons in this nerve & passes through a large chunk of muscle (psoas major)

133
Q

The genitofemoral nerve passes through:

A

psoas major msulce

134
Q

In females, the genitofemoral nerve contains what type of axons?

A

sensory + small amount sympathetics

135
Q

In males, the genitofermoral nerve contains what type of axons?

A

mainly motor, + small amounts of sympathetics

136
Q

The genitofemoral nerve innervates:

A

skin of external genitalia & skin on medial part of thigh

137
Q

The fact that the genitofemoral nerve has motor axons in males but not females implies:

A

males have an additional muscle that females do not

138
Q

Because the genitofemoral nerve passes through the psoas major, any damage to the muscle has the risk of causing:

A

compression of the nerve

139
Q

Nerve that runs underneath the inguinal ligament & right across the iliacus

A

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

140
Q

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve isa combination of spinal cord levels:

A

L2 & L3

141
Q

In both sexes, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve contains purely ____ axons with a little bit of ____ axons.

A

sensory; sympathetics

142
Q

What nerve innervates a patch of skin on the lateral part of the thigh

A

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

143
Q

Very large nerve that supplies a lot of motor innervation to the lower limb muscles

A

femoral nerve

144
Q

The femoral nerve is made of axons coming off of:

A

L2, L3, L4

145
Q

The femoral nerve is considered what type of nerve?

A

mixed nerve

146
Q

What does the somatic motor portion of the femoral nerve innervate?

A

muscles of the anterior compartment of thigh

147
Q

The muscles of the anterior compartment of thigh work to:

A

act as hip flexors; extend knee

148
Q

What motion describes the actions of the anterior compartment of thigh muscles?

A

kicking a ball

149
Q

The somatic sensory component of the femoral nerve innervates:

A

skin that covers the anterior compartment thigh muscles

150
Q

The ____ component of the femoral nerve innervates the surrounding skin

A

sympathetic

151
Q

nerve that comes off of the same spinal cord levels as the femoral nerve:

A

obturator nerve

152
Q

The obturator nerve combines axons from what spinal cord levels?

A

L2, L3, L4

153
Q

The obturator nerve comes down into the ____ and through the ____

A

pelvis and through the obturator foramen

154
Q

The obturator nerve ends up in the:

A

medial compartment of thigh (part of thigh that faces midline)

155
Q

The obturator nerve functions in the innervation of the medial compartment of thigh which is involved in what motion?

A

adduction of hip (moving back toward midline)

156
Q

The lumbosacral trunk combines axons from :

A

L4 & L5

157
Q

What contributes to the sciatic nerve?

A

Lumbosacral trunk

158
Q

The sciatic nerve is a major nerve supply to the:

A

lower limbs

159
Q

The lumbosacral trunk is considered to be a ____ nerve, carrying _____ axons.

A

mixed nerve- motor, sensory, sympathetics

160
Q

The sympathetic trunk extends from ____ to ____.

A

Thorax down into abdomen

161
Q

The sympathetic trunk contains _____ running in front of the psoas major and in front of the transverse processes:

A

paravertebral ganglia

162
Q
A
  1. Subcostal
  2. Iliohypogastric
  3. Ilioinguinal
  4. Lateral femoral cutaneous
  5. Genitofemoral
  6. Femoral
  7. Sympathetic trunk
  8. Lumbosacral trunk
  9. Obturator
163
Q

Tuberculous is caused a bacteria in the lungs but can commonly spread to:

A

Spine

164
Q

When TB spreads to the spine it can form little pockets of pus forming between vertebra often called:

A

Military tuberculosis

Human Gross Anatomy (5 decks)

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