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Geography > Power and Borders > Flashcards

Power and Borders Flashcards

1
Q

What is territorial integrity?

A

A sovereign states right to defend its borders and territory in them

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2
Q

What is a state

A

A nation or territory that is considered to be an organised political community under 1 government

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3
Q

What is sovereignty?

A

The absolute authority that independent states exercise in the government of the land and people

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4
Q

What is a nation

A

A group of people who share common descent such as: history, culture and language

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5
Q

What makes a fragile state?

A

A states failure to reach its citizens basic needs and expectations

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6
Q

What are Norms?

A

Accepted standards and expectations which have developed over time

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7
Q

What is Intervention?

A

When international organisations act to resolve conflict, challenges and crises

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8
Q

What is Geopolitics?

A

The balance of international relations and political power

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9
Q

What is succession?

A

The transfer of part of a states area and population to another state

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10
Q

What is the significance of border changes

A

Border changes affect sovereignty over populations physical resources
The borders also influence the economy and the geography

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of a state?

A
  • A defined border which is internationally recognised
  • Sovereignty in which the political authority is effective and strong enough to assert itself
  • Government internationally recognised
  • Independence
  • Permanent population with the right to self determination
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12
Q

What is self determination?

A

The right of a group with a distinctive territorial identity to freely determine its political status and freely pursue its economic, social and cultural development

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13
Q

What is state apparatus?

A

The set of organisations and institutions in which state power is achieved

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14
Q

What causes inequalities in power and influence of states globally?

A
  • Some states have significant influence on global events as they have the ability to dominate and drive global systems
  • Others have little influence and can only react to change
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15
Q

How can power be measured?

A
  • Economic influence
  • Political power
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16
Q

What does state power depend on?

A

Economic factors - industrial development, ability to regulate its economy, trade strength
Physical factors - natural resources and location
Social factors - human resources and demographic structure
Political factors - international organisations, international relations, government policy and events in history

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17
Q

Example of a nation

A

The kurdish
Do not have sovereignty
Live across multiple countries in eurasia
Population is roughly 35 - 45 million people

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18
Q

What is the meaning of UN article 2.1

A
  • ‘based on sovereign equality for all its members’
  • Meaning all states have equal rights and can choose their own form of government without outside influence
  • All states have rights to make decisions in regards to people and resources within its defined territory
  • Ability to respect sovereignty of other states
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19
Q

Article 2.4 meaning and definition

A
  • ‘All members should refrain in their international relations from threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state’
  • Make specific reference to the preservation of territorial integrity and political independence of a state
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20
Q

Article 4.1 definition and meaning

A
  • ‘Membership in the UN is open to all peace loving states which accept the obligations in the UN charter and are able to carry out these obligation’
  • Obligations refer to promoting and developing external relations between nations and internally the obligation of a state to protect its citizens
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21
Q

What is global governance?

A

Process of global management, where multiple countries act together in matters that have global impacts

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22
Q

What is the global peace index?

A

A measure of the relative position of states and territories peacefulness

23
Q

Example of conflict over resources?

A
  • India and Pakistan over kashmir
  • territorial conflict over the kashmir region
  • Results from India and Pakistan becoming independent of Britain
  • ‘Water wars’ solved by treaty in 1960 - allowed india to use the rivers for hydroelectricity as long as they did not create a significant impact to flow of water
24
Q

Actors of global governance

A

The UN
NATO
EU
NGOs
International treaties such as 1997 mine ban treaty
International laws
Global commons such as the antarctic treaty
Norms such as the Microsoft Norms for Cyber Conflict

25
Q

Key facts about NATO

A
  • Three nuclear state members (UK, France, United States)
  • 31 member countries
  • help support countries military power
  • Guarantee protection and security of its members
26
Q

What are the responsibilities of the UN

A
  • Combat issues of peace, security, development and human rights
  • Help countries to improve territorial integrity and sovereignty
  • Control legal disputes in accordance with international law
27
Q

What is a international treaty?

A

An agreement made between sovereign states or even international organisations

28
Q

What is secession?

A

The formal withdrawal of membership from a federation or body
For example Brexit - Britain left the EU

29
Q

What is the Kashmir conflict and why did it start?

A

A dispute between India and Pakistan over the area of land known as Kashmir
It started when India and Pakistan became independent of British rule in 1947 which led to them both claiming the land

30
Q

What were the ‘water wars’ in Kashmir?

A

The dispute between access to rivers in Kashmir of India and Pakistan as they both required large amounts of water with their rapidly growing populations.

31
Q

How were the ‘water wars’ between India and Pakistan over Kashmir ‘solved’?

A

It was solved by a water treaty made between the two countries which allocated access to different parts of the rivers for either country.

32
Q

How did India break the water treaty?

A

India broke the treaty by building infrastructure upstream which altered the flow of water downstream to Pakistan which reignited conflict.

33
Q

What was the Antarctic water treaty and its benefits?

A

An agreement made between countries to stop use of resources in the antarctic to preserve it.
Scientific research by countries was still allowed by the agreement.
Demilitarised the Antarctic
Created international Co-operation as 54 parties signed the treaty.

34
Q

What is the Refugee convention (1951)?

A

A convention held to define who is a refugee, set oout rights of refugees and the responsibilities of states to provide asylum for refugees
- 149 states have adopted the strategies suggested by the convention

35
Q

Who is the MSF (NGO) and what do they do?

A

They are a Non governmental organisation which provide assistance to populations which are victim to natural or man made disasters and conflict.

35
Q

What is the EU and what do they do?

A

A trading bloc which fosters economic co-operation of countries by creating free trade by removing tariff and non tariff barriers on trade for member countries.
They promote fair trade
Increase security and injustice through international co-operation

36
Q

What are the Microsoft cyber norms?

A

A set of rules, principles and guidelines that govern the behaviour of states online.
They can change over time as technology develops

37
Q

What is the mine ban treaty?

A

An agreement made between 165 states to prohibit the use, production and transfer of land mines
- Protects civillians as many casualties have been the innocent who are not involved in war.

38
Q

Where is South Sudan?

A

North east africa - just above uganda
Landlocked

39
Q

What caused the conflict in South Sudan?

A

Religion
- north was predominantly muslim
- south was predominantly christian
Economic
- money gained from oil not distributed evenly
Political
- different ethnic groups in governance lead to split parties
- dinka president
- neur former president

40
Q

When did South Sudan become independent

A

2011

41
Q

Why have South Sudan struggled to build a nation?

A

Poor governance
Lack of educated people - struggle to build state infrastructure and apparatus

42
Q

What caused the civil war in South Sudan 2013-20?

A

Fighting broke out between people loyal to the president of the dinka ethnic group and the former vice president of the nuer ethnic group

43
Q

What did the UN do to resolve the conflict

A

Put in a three pillar framework known as R2P (Responsibility to Protect) which lead to:
- Peacekeeping
- Partnership with the South Sudan government

44
Q

How did NGOs help resolve the conflict?

A

Over 300 NGOs provide:
- Humanitarian assistance
- education
- aid to peace agreements

45
Q

How did the UN intervention affect local communities in south sudan

A

Provided protection to local communities
Improved human rights

46
Q

What impacts did UN intervention have in south sudan

A

Improved human rights
Decreased fatalities
Provided humanitarian assistance
Involved in the ceasefire agreement in 2014 and further ceasfires including the final ceasefire agreement in 2020

47
Q

Why did the conflict between russia and ukraine begin?

A

Began in 2014 when Russia annexed Crimea which was formerly land of Ukraine’s
This was able to occur due to political instability in Ukraine as their former pro Russian president was ousted from power following protests.
Creating a power vacuum allowing Russia to invade Crimea

48
Q

Why was the annexation of Crimea controversial?

A

Russia suggested that they annexed Crimea due to the large proportion of people which supported closer ties to Russia according to a controversial referendum held which suggested majority of Crimean’s favored joining Russia
Meanwhile ukraine and many overs argued it was a threat to ukraines sovereignty.

49
Q

Why has Ukraine struggled to to join NATO?

A

Conflict with Russia has complicated Ukraine’s efforts to join NATO as NATO members are cautious that them allowing Ukraine to join NATO will raise their tensions with Russia

Russia has also exerted pressure on Ukraine through economic, political and military means such as energy manipulation and cyberattacks

50
Q

How is/has Russia challenged the sovereignty of Ukraine

A

Past - Annexation of Crimea - physical loss of land and loss of its people
Present - Russia wants to ‘claim back’ land from Ukraine as Ukraine was formerly part of the soviet union - this has already started to occur as they pushed back Ukrainian borders and claimed areas of land in Ukraine

51
Q

How does the UN impact global security

A

The UN plays a vital role in maintaining global security through its peacekeeping, conflict prevention, human rights activities and more
For example in South Sudan the UN helped to bring multiple ceasefires and helped bring the civil war to end in 2020 whilst also providing protection for civilians

52
Q

How effective is the UN at maintaining global security

A

Provides protection to it’s members and aims to prevent conflict and resolve ongoing conflict
Overall the UN has been effective in this due to its political and military power having 193 members
However it can also be argued they have been ineffective in situations such as the Russia Ukraine conflict due to Russia being a founding member of the UN
They also employ more reactive methods of peacekeeping then proactive meaning they react to threats to security rather then maintain security

53
Q

How effective is NATO in maintaining global security

A

Historically was effective as it protected all membering countries from the soviet union
- No member was ever attacked by the soviet union
Can be argued that its not so effective in maintaining global security - only maintains security of its own members - 32 membering countries
Ukraine is not able to join NATO due to Russia which has impacted global security through many factors such as:
- impact on trade
- Food availability
- Shifting political and military power
- Involvement of multiple countries

Geography (28 decks)

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