Pozzulo Flashcards
(22 cards)
Aim of Pozzulo
Aims were to test for these four predictions.
1. Children will be as good as adults at identifying cartoon faces in a target-present line-up
2- Children will be worse than adults at identifying human faces in a target-present line-up
3 - Children will be worse than adults at rejecting cartoon faces in a target-absent line-up
4 - Children will be worse than adults at rejecting human faces in a target-absent line-up
What was the experiment type
Lab experiment
How many Iv’s did Pozzulo have and what were they
Three IVs
1. Age: Young children vs Adults.
2. Line up type: Identification ( target present vs rejection( target absent)
3. Level of cognition demand. ( familiarity of target); Cartoon ( familiar, low cognitive demand so differences due to social demand) , vs human ( unfamiliar therefore higher cognitive demand.)
What experiment designs were used. For each stage of the experiment.
For the comparison between adults and children, they used an independent measures design
For the comparison of line-up type, they used a repeated measures design
What was the DV
The DV was whether the participant identified the correct face if present or, the empty silhouette if not.
Children Participants
Sample, Age range, Sampling technique, from where.
59 children aged from 4-7
Mean age of 4.98
21 females and 38 males
Recruited from Pre k or Kindergarten classes in 3 private schools in Eastern Ontario, Canada
Adult participants. Sample, Sampling technique, age range, from where.
53 adults
aged from 17-30
Mean age of 20.54
36 females and 17 males
Recruited from the introductory Psychology pool at Eastern Ontario university.
What was made sure before the experiment that all participants knew these two characters.
Information was provided by the adults, and by children’s parents/guardians, to ensure that all participants were familiar with the two target cartoons (Dora the Explorer, and Go, Diego, Go!)
Method of Pozzulo
To test identification/recognition, participants were given black and white photos of close-cropped faces for the cartoons
They were given head and shoulder images for the humans
The children’s response, given by pointing, was recorded by the experimenter
Adult participants recorded their responses on a sheet
Procedure for video
Researchers prepared video clips and line-up photoarrays
Human face targets were two Caucasian students. They were used to make two types of stimulus material:
- Videos: A 6 second clip was filmed of an everyday task: a female brushing her hair and a male putting his coat on. Each video was in colour with no sound and showed 2 - 3 seconds of the individual’s face
Procedure for photo arrays
- Photoarrays: The two human ‘targets’ were photographed wearing different clothes than in the video. For each target, four ‘foil’ photos were chosen by three raters to look similar to the target in terms of facial features, hair length, and colour. All photos were cropped to include only the face, neck, and top of the shoulders.
What did target present line ups involve
Target-present line-ups contained the target and three foil
Every line-up contained a blank silhouette to enable a choice to be made even if the participant judged that the target was not present
what did the target absent line ups have
Target-absent line-ups contained four foils
Every line-up contained a blank silhouette to enable a choice to be made even if the participant judged that the target was not present
How were the line-ups standardized? and also counterbalanced
The line-up was shown to participants as a simultaneous array: the target (if present), all the foils, and the blank silhouette were all shown at once
The position of each target in the line-up was randomised
The videos were presented in a random order, each being followed up by a line-up task
In each of the four line-up tasks, the position of the target or its matching foil was counterbalanced
Video procedure
Each participant watched four videos, one each for the conditions of cartoon target-present, cartoon target-absent, human target-present, human target-absent
The videos were presented in a random order, each being followed up by a line-up task
what was the video and photoarrrays presented on?
a 13 inch laptop screen
What colour were the photos of the photoarrays and why
All photos were blank and white, as the bright cartoon colours would have become the focus of recognition rather than identification of the character
what did the experimenters tell the adults it was a study about.
Adults attended the lab and were told it was a study about memory
How were the children participants approached and selected.
Three female experimenters were neatly dressed in professional-casual clothes (eg. sweater or blouse with smart trousers), not overly formal because it may have influenced children’s responses to the line-ups through social pressure (eg. by suggesting authority)
Participants were tested individually and asked to pay attention because they would be asked some questions and shown some pictures after watching the video
To test children, three female experimenters went to the children’s school
They told the children they were researchers from a university doing a project on TV shows and computer games
It was made clear to the children they could change their minds about wanting to join in and would not get in trouble
To help make the children comfortable, the experimenters did some craft with them before starting
What items of casual/ professional clothing did the experimenters wear with the children. Name two items.
sweater or blouse with smart trousers.
What was the filler questions asked to the children and the non specific probing after the video.
ollowing each video, participants were asked a free recall/filler question (“What did the cartoon character/person look like?”)
Children were then asked a non-specific probing question (“Do you remember anything else?”). If they didn’t respond to the initial question the experimenter asked “Do you remember anything from the video?”. The children’s replies were recorded by the experimenter.
