PPT embryology- test 2 material

Question 1

Fetal Age AKA __________

Answer 1

(conceptional age)

Question 2

Menstrual age AKA _________

Answer 2

(gestational age)
from 1st day of last period

Question 3

Refers to the entire products of conception from fertilization onward (the embryo or
fetus and its membranes, placenta)

Answer 3

Conceptus

Question 4

Extends from the last menstrual period until birth (280 days)

Answer 4

Gestation period

Question 5

Also called conceptus, first two weeks following fertilization

Answer 5

Pre-Embryo

Question 6

From the third through the eighth week after

Answer 6

Embryo

Question 7

11th week (GA) through birth

Answer 7

fetus

Question 8

An infant less than four weeks old

Answer 8

Neonate

Question 9

The condition of having a developing embryo or fetus in the body
after the union of the oocyte and spermatozoon.

Answer 9

pregnancy

Question 10

Clinical Findings of Pregnancy

Answer 10

• • Beta hCG (4 weeks GA), some tests may pick up hCG hormone a
    little earlier
• Fetal heart tones (10-12 wks GA)
• Fetal movements (18-20 wks GA)
• Demonstrations of the fetus on ultrasound

Question 11

• The head of each sperm (acrosome) releases enzymes that begin to
  break down the outer, jelly-like layer of the egg’s membrane, trying to
  penetrate the egg.
• Fertilization of the ovum involves penetration of the sperm through
  the corona radiata, zona pellucida, completion of the second meiotic
  division of the secondary oocyte, and formation of the zygote.

Answer 11

Question 12

• Once a single sperm has penetrated, the cell membrane of the egg
  depolarizes its electrical characteristics.
• This creates a _______________________ that pushes the other sperm far away
  from the egg and ensures that only one sperm fertilizes the egg.

Answer 12

cortical reaction

Question 13

Fertilization usually occurs in the ___________of the fallopian tube.

Answer 13

ampulla

Question 14

how long after cortical reaction will other sperm die?

Answer 14

with in 48 hours

Question 15

how long does the fertilization process last?

Answer 15

24 hours

Question 16

More than _______ of all known
spontaneous abortions result
from chromosomal
abnormalities

Answer 16

50%

Question 17

out of 100 exposed ova know how many become:
zygotes
implant and produce hcg
abort promptly and persist

Answer 17

Question 18

stages of fertilization and onward

Answer 18

fertilization
zygote
cleavage
morula
blastocyst

Question 19

how long are eggs and sperm viable for

Answer 19

eggs viable for 12-14 hours
sperm for 24-72 hours

Question 20

formed by union of oocyte and sperm cell

Answer 20

zygote

Question 21

period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote following fertilization
- 2 cell state at about 24 hours
-4 cell stage at about 48 hours
-8 cell stage at about 72 hours

Answer 21

cleavage

Question 22

solid ball of cells that are at least 16 cells big or more
zone pellucida outer protective shell like covering

approx 3 days after fertilization

Answer 22

morula

Question 23

fluid enters the morula (about 100 cells big) and separates the embryonic cells (blastomeres) into two layers which is what stage

Answer 23

blastocyst

Question 24

fluid enters the morula (about 100 cells big) and separates the embryonic cells (blastomeres) into two layers

what is the 2 layers

Answer 24

1) outer layer or TROPHOBLAST, consists of large flattened cells which eventually become the chorionic membrane and fetal contribution to the placenta; which will secrete hcg to prompt the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone in order to maintain the endometrium

2) inner cell mass- a cluster of small rounded cells that becomes the embryonic disc, amnion, cord, and yolk sac.

Question 25

how long does the blastocyst remain in endometrial cavity before attaching to wall

Answer 25

approx 2 days

Question 26

how many chromosomes does a zygote have?

Answer 26

46- 23 from both parents

Question 27

Early chorionic villi develop and begin to produce ______________________ Described as thread-like vascular projections arising off the chorion

Answer 27

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 28

Embryonic disk lies between the amniotic cavity and the ____________

Answer 28

yolk sac

Question 29

by what week can a gestational sac usually be seen by TV ultrasound

Answer 29

4.5 weeks

Question 30

By 5 weeks, the chorionic cavity is well developed and contains fluid- sonographically called the ___________________.

Answer 30

gestational sac

Question 31

what envelopes the umbilical cord

Answer 31

amnion

Question 32

what connects the yolk sac to the embryo

Answer 32

yolk stalk

Question 33

what happens with the chorionic cavity after the amniotic cavity gets so big?

Answer 33

it obliterates it

Question 34

is the portion of the endometrium that underlies the implantation site where embryo implants and placenta grows

Answer 34

Decidua basalis:

Question 35

includes the remaining endometrium of the uterus and the cervix

Answer 35

Decidua parietalis:

Question 36

is a thin portion of the endometrium that overlies the conceptus, facing the uterine cavity.

Answer 36

Decidua capsularis:

Question 37

after fertilization occurs then _________________ starts

Answer 37

embryogenesis starts

Question 38

how long does embryogenesis last

Answer 38

from fertilization to the end of 10th week of gestational age (LNMP)

Question 39

rapid growth can be called

Answer 39

differentiation

Question 40

lack of folic acid can contribute to ____________

Answer 40

spina bifida

Question 41

Three primordial tissues:

Answer 41

Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm

Question 42

During the __________ week (GA), the primary germ layers form along the embryonic disk

Answer 42

fifth

Question 43

Gives rise to the functional linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems and the associated glands.

Answer 43

endoderm

Question 44

Forms smooth and striated muscle, bone, and most of the cardiovascular system; is a source of blood cells, bone marrow, and reproductive and excretory organs.

Answer 44

mesoderm

Question 45

Gives rise to skin and the nervous system (central and peripheral), the retina of the eye, and various other structures.

Answer 45

ectoderm

Question 46

The primitive heart tube is forming. Vasculature begins to develop in the embryonic disc. A neural groove (future spinal cord forms over the notochord with the brain bulge at one end).

Answer 46

Question 47

Neural crest becomes peripheral nervous system (PNS) Neural tube becomes central nervous system (CNS) Somites become spinal vertebrae

Answer 47

Question 48

if the anterior neural pore fails to close than the baby will be born with _______________

Answer 48

anencephaly

Question 49

if the posterior neural pore fails to clos then the baby will be born with __________

Answer 49

spina bifida

Question 50

ask if we need to know all of this

Question 51

how long is the embryo in week 5

Answer 51

4mm(1/8 inch) it begins to curve into a c shape

Question 52

what happens in week 5 GA

Answer 52

the heart begins to beat in a regular rhythm the neural tube closes ears begin to form The first traits of the lungs and liver appear. Buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures. This is the future mouth. Cystic diverticulum, which will become the gallbladder, and dorsal pancreatic bud, which will become the pancreas appear. The rectal and urinary passageways become separated. Anterior and posterior horns differentiate in the spinal cord Spleen appears

Question 53

how long is the embryo in week 6 GA

Answer 53

8mm (1/4 inch)

Question 54

what happens in week 6 GA

Answer 54

*eyes developing, *nasal pits form, *brain divides into 5 VESICLES, *leg buds form, hands form as flat paddles on the arms, and *rudimentary blood moves through primitive vessels connecting to the yok sac and chorionic membranes

Question 55

how long is the embryo in week 7 GA

Answer 55

13mm (1/2 inch)

Question 56

what happens in week 7 GA

Answer 56

lungs begin to form * brain continues to develop * arms and legs have lengthened w/ foot and hand areas distinguishable * gonadal ridge begins to be perceptible * the lymphatic system begins to develop

Question 57

how long is the embryo in week 8 GA

Answer 57

18mm (3/4 inch)

Question 58

most common benign form of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) is ______________

Answer 58

hydatidiform molar pregnancy

Question 59

2 types of hydatidiform

Answer 59

partial and complete

Question 60

image of complete molar

Answer 60

image of partial molar

Question 61

An invasive mole is a hydatidiform mole that penetrates the ____________ wall of the uterus .

Answer 61

muscular, myometrium

Question 62

_____________ is a malignant form of gestational trophoblastic disease GTD

Answer 62

Choriocarcinoma

Question 63

The ______________________ is a subcutaneous fluid-filled space normally seen between 11-14 weeks GA. The measurement of this space is used as a screening for Trisomy 21 and other neural and chromosomal conditions.

Answer 63

nuchal translucency (NT)

Question 64

A good transvaginal, sagittal section of the fetus must be obtained, with the fetus horizontal on the screen. The correct view is a clearly visualized fetal profile. The fetus should be in a neutral position, with the head in line with the spine, not hyper-extended or flexed. The minimum fetal crown-rump length should be 45mm and the maximum 84mm. The optimal gestational age for measurement of fetal nuchal translucency is 11-13 weeks. The magnification should be such that the fetus occupies at least three-quarters of the image.

Answer 64

NT scanning protocol

Question 65

what can increased nuchal translucency thickness indicate

Answer 65

trisomy 21

Question 66

what should the Nuchal Translucency NT measurement be?

Answer 66

under 3mm because anything greater is concern for aneuploidy

Question 67

Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)

Answer 67

A sample of the mother’s blood is taken to evaluate “free fetal” DNA for chromosomal abnormalities. Mainly used to look for trisomies 13, 18, 21, and sex chromosome abnormalities. This test is 80-99% accurate depending on the specific abnormality. Cannot screen for all known chromosome disorders. Results are usually available in 1-2 weeks

Question 68

Sonographic Appearance of the Gestational Sac- Double Decidual Sac Sign (DDSS)

Answer 68

Question 69

2 sides of the placenta

Answer 69

maternal side(decidua basalis) fetal side (chorion frondosum)

Question 70

The placenta is firmly attached by ________

Answer 70

villi

Question 71

image to study

Question 72

what produces Human Chorionic Gonadotropin- hCG

Answer 72

produced by chorionic villi and placenta

Question 73

when does Human Chorionic Gonadotropin- hCG peak?

Answer 73

at the 10th gestational week (100,000mIU/mL)

Question 74

what happens to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin- hCG after the 10th week?

Answer 74

it declines and levels outa about 18 weeks (5,000 mIU/mL)

Question 75

what are the 2 common hCG tests?

Answer 75

qualitative and quantitative

Question 76

difference between qualitative and quantitative hcg

Answer 76

qualitative detects hcg in blood quantitative measures the amount actually present in the blood

Question 77

what level should hCG levels be to see gestational sac TV and TA

Answer 77

TV 500-1500 IU/L TA 1800 IU/L

Question 78

hCG levels double every ______________

Answer 78

2 days

Question 79

when is the most accurate time for dating

Answer 79

1st trimester

Question 80

when should you include BPD?

Answer 80

around 12 week mark

Question 81

3 measurement methods of dating a pregnancy

Answer 81

MSD - mean sac diameter CRL- crown rump length BPD- bipariteal diameter

Question 82

how to calculate MSD (mean sac diameter)

Answer 82

length + width + height / 3 = MSD

Question 83

how to calculated menstrual age from MSD

Answer 83

MSD (mm) + 30= menstrual age in days

Question 84

when can a gestational sac be detected

Answer 84

TA- 5 weeks TV- 4.5 weeks

Question 85

what is the yolk sac responsible for

Answer 85

Provision of nutrients to the developing embryo Hematopoiesis Development of embryonic endoderm (forms primitive gut)

Question 86

diameter of yolk sac should not exceed _______

Answer 86

6mm

Question 87

how big in the MSD when you can see yolk sac

Answer 87

TA- 20mm TV- 12mm

Question 88

Cardiac activity should be identified by _____ weeks and as early as _______ weeks

Answer 88

6 weeks 5.5 weeks

Question 89

how fast is the heart beat before 6 weeks

Answer 89

100-115 bpm

Question 90

how fast is the heart beat after 6 weeks

Answer 90

120-160 bpm

Question 91

when should cardiac activity be evident using MSD

Answer 91

TA- 25mm TV- 16mm

Question 92

when will cardiac activity be evident using CRL transvaginally

Answer 92

7mm

Question 93

most accurate measurement for dating

Answer 93

CRL crown rump length

Question 94

normal pathalogy

Question 95

Thin hyperechoic line between the embryo and the yolk sac

Answer 95

amnion

Question 96

Many “screening” examinations are performed at _________ wks for dating and to R/O anomalies

Answer 96

18-20