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Foster > Ppts #2 NP 1 > Flashcards

Ppts #2 NP 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of a receptor?

A

Detects stimulus

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2
Q

What is the role of a control centre?

A

Integrates input and initiates change

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3
Q

What is the role of an effector?

A

Brings about change in response to stimulus

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4
Q

What are the cells that surround the neuron?

A

Neuroglial

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5
Q

What does amitotic mean?

A

No mitosis

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6
Q

Is an electrical charge carried through the plasma membrane of the neuron?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Dendrites and cell body transmit what kind of impulse?

A

Graded potential

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8
Q

Can the cell body can transmit excitatory as well as inhibitory graded potentials toward the axon?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Where are graded potentials initiated?

A

Within the neuron’s Cell body

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10
Q

Neurons transmit action potentials to what 3 kinds of cells?

A

Other Neuron
Glands cell
Muscle cell

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11
Q

What are the three next structures following cell body?

A

Axon hillock, axon, axon terminals

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12
Q

What insulates the axon?

A

Myelin

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13
Q

What type of cell is myelin? It’s a helper cell.

A

Neuroglial

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14
Q

What are the neuroglial cells that are in the PNS called?

A

Neurolemmocytes

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15
Q

What’s another word for neurolemmocytes?

A

Schwann cells

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16
Q

CNS has what type of helper cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

What are the gaps between the Schwann cells called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier (Ron vee ay)

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18
Q

What’s the name of the conduction of a nerve impulse that travels from node to node along the axon?

A

Saltatory conduction

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19
Q

What so conductivity?

A

Electrical change carried along plasma membrane

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20
Q

Multipolar neurons are…

A

Motor neurons and interneurons

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21
Q

Unipolar neurons are…

Where do they stay?

A

General sensory neurons

Hang out in ganglia

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22
Q

Bipolar neurons are

A

Special sensory neurons

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23
Q

How does the axon swell when damaged?

A

Axoplasmic flow

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24
Q

Name of what happens when axon deteriorates is?

A

Wallerian degeneration

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25
Q

What is the rate of axon regeneration?

A

2-5 mm per day

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26
Q

Name of what neurolemmocytes release to cause axon to regrow

A

Neuron growth factor

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27
Q

Can nerve regrowth happen in CNS?

A

No. One reason is because CNS lacks neurolemmocytes to produce NGF.

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28
Q

Calcium pump pumps calcium into the _______ environment _______(against or toward) its concentration gradient.

A

Extracellular

Against

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29
Q

Sodium potassium pump pumps Na ______ the cell and K ______ the cell.

A

Outside

Inside

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30
Q

What does NaK pump provide that the Ca pump does not?

A

Coupled transport

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31
Q

What kind of impulses does the sodium potassium pump produce in the neuron and muscle cells?

A

Electrochemical impulses

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32
Q

What provides energy for NaK pump?

A

ATP

33
Q

3 different kinds of channels are…

A

Leak channels
Chemically gated channels
Voltage-gated channels

34
Q

What do voltage gated channels open in response to?

A

Changes in electrical potential , Na+, K+, Ca2+

35
Q

Which kind of channel has the three different states and three different gates?

A

The voltage gated Na+ channels

36
Q

What are the three states of the voltage gated Na+ channel?

A

Resting state
Activation state
Inactivation state

37
Q

Another word for extracellular fluid

A

Interstitial fluid

38
Q

Another word for intercellular fluid

A

Cytosol

39
Q

At rest what is permeable inside the cell? Sodium, potassium, chloride.

A

Sodium slightly permeable
Potassium freely permeable
Chloride low permeability

40
Q

What opens during a graded potential?

A

Chemically gated ion channels

41
Q

Where do graded potentials happen?

A

Dendrites, and soma

42
Q

What would you call a short lived change in the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)?

A

Graded potential

43
Q

What happens to the cell membrane when her potential happens?

A

Permeability changes

44
Q

What does graded mean in grade potential?

A

Local

45
Q

Would graded potential within a cell be a positive or negative grade potential?

A

Positive, because positive ions from outside the neuron are rushing into the negative interior environment of the neuron(?)

46
Q

What does graded potential allow of The ions outside the neuron to do during graded Potential?

A

Allows na+ or K+ to move thru membrane

47
Q

What are the 4 stages of action potentials that we saw on the graph?

A

Resting
Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

48
Q

_________ occurs when Na+ voltage channels open.

A

Propagation

49
Q

What does myelin’s insulation do?

A

Prevents leakage of charge during action potential

50
Q

Difference between continuous conduction and saltatory conduction.

A

Continuous doesn’t have nodes of Ranvier and looks to have a slower rate that saltatory.

51
Q

Difference between conduction speed of A fibers B fibers and C fibers

A

A-fibers fast
B-fibers slow
C-fibers slow

52
Q

Difference between myelination (also size) of A fibers B fibers and C fibers

A

A fibers myelinated and large diameter
B fibers myelinated and small diameter
C fibers unmyelinated axon and dendrites

53
Q

Difference between effected areas of A fibers and B fibers

A

A fibers muscles, joints, large sensory nerves

B fibers viscera to the brain, spinal cord and ans

54
Q

What does refractory period do?

A

Limits the number of action potentials that can happen in a specific amount of time

Absolute refractory period is when Na+ are inactive (don’t know why?)

Relative refractory period is when K+ channels are still open (only strong stimulus can overcome this period)

55
Q

Which refractory period happens during action potential?

A

Absolute

56
Q

At voltage gated Na+ channels’ resting state which gates are open?
(Inactivation gate and activation gate)

A

Activation gate closed

Inactivation gate open

57
Q

At voltage gated Na+ channels’ activation state which gates are open?
(Inactivation gate and activation gate)

A

Both are open

58
Q

At voltage gated Na+ channels’ inactivation state which gates are open?
(Inactivation gate and activation gate)

A

Inactivation gate closed

Activation gate open

59
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

When axon is not conducting an impulse

60
Q

Chemically gated ion channels open from …

A

Neurotransmitters binding to Ka+ and Cl —

61
Q

Voltage gated ion channels open from …

A

Change in electrical potential Na+, K+ Ca²+

62
Q

Pumps go against or along conc gradient?

A

Against

63
Q

Channels go along or against their conc gradient?

A

Along

64
Q

Leak channels close sometimes. True or false?

A

False

65
Q

Where are chemically gated ion channels located? Where are voltage gated ion channels located?

A

Soma and dendrites (?)

Axon(?)

66
Q

What rushes into the cell during a graded potential?

A

Na+ or K+

67
Q

Do neurons communicate by graded potentials?

A

No. They communicate by action potentials

68
Q

What has to happen before a graded potential can become an action potential?

A

Summation

69
Q

Depolarization, which channels are open? Which are closed? Na and k

A

Open na

Closed K

70
Q

Resting membrane potential, which channels are open? Which are closed? Na and k

A

Both are closed

71
Q

What happens with na during repolarization?

What happens with K?

A

Permeability decreases
Na channels close (both activation and inactivation gates close)

Permeability increases
K channels open

72
Q

What happens with K channels during hyperpolarization?

A

K+ channels close slowly

73
Q

What happens to the gates of the voltage- gated channels along the axon as the action potential is going through it?

A

The Na gates behind depolarization close

The Na gates in front of depolarization open

74
Q

Which type of neuron fibers use saltatory conduction? A, B or C?

A

A- fibers

75
Q

What is the tunnel called that Schwann cells create for the damaged axon to grow through?

A

Regeneration tube

76
Q

What does the damaged axon swell by?

A

Axoplasmic flow

77
Q

What does the damaged axon break down by?

A

Wallerian degeneration

78
Q

List which order 1-5:

A: Innervation restored 
B: Axon seals and swells 
C: Trauma severs axon
D: Regeneration tube forms 
E: Axon regenerates and remyelinates
A 
A: 5 
B: 2 
C: 1
D: 3 
E: 4

Foster (4 decks)

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