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foster > Ppts 4 Pain & Senses > Flashcards

Ppts 4 Pain & Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Pain is _______(special or general) sense.

A

General

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2
Q

Name 4 special senses…

A

Vision
Hearing
Taste
Olfaction (smell)

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3
Q

What special structure does a special sense need?

A

Receptor

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4
Q

What do sensory receptors do? (Function)

A

Convert different forms of energy into nerve impulses

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5
Q

Why do we have different sensory perceptions?

A

Because differences in nerve pathways

Optic nerve impulses are interpreted by brain as light

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6
Q

4 different sensory receptors

Associated with touch, tissue damage, light, dissolved chemicals

A

Mechanoreceptors
Nociceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors

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7
Q

What are cutaneous pain receptors called?

A

Nociceptors

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8
Q

What are cutaneous touch/pressure receptors called?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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9
Q

What are cochlea and vestibular apparatus receptors called?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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10
Q

What are rod and cone receptors called?

A

Photoreceptors

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11
Q

What are the names of receptors the pick up in smell and taste?

A

Chemoreceptors

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12
Q

Nantes of the 5 cutaneous receptors called?

3 were learned in anatomy

A 
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner's corpuscles
Free nerve endings
Merkel's disk's 
Ruffini corpuscles (endings)
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13
Q

Sensation: Light touch; hot; cold; nociception (pain)
Location: around hair follicles; throughout skin
Which receptor? What is the structure?

A

Free nerve endings

Unmyelinated dendrites of sensory neurons

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14
Q

Sustained touch and pressure. base of epidermis (stratum basale)
Which receptor? Structure?

A

Merkel’s disks

Expanded dendritic endings

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15
Q

Sustained pressure. Deep in dermis and hypodermis.

Receptor? Structure?

A 
Ruffini corpuscle (endings)
Enlarged dendritic endings with open, elongated capsule
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16
Q

Changes in texture; slow vibrations. Upper dermis. (Papillary layer)
Receptor? Structure?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle.

Dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue

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17
Q

Sensation: Deep pressure; fast vibrations. Location: Deep in dermis .
Receptor? Structure?

A

Pacinian corpuscle.

Dendrites encapsulated by concentric lamellae of connective tissue structures.

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18
Q

Unmyelinated neurons of bare or free nerve endings cause what kind of pain?

A

Dull, persistent pain

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19
Q

Myelinated neurons of bare or free nerve endings cause what kind of pain?

A

Sudden, sharp pain

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20
Q

What are four examples of what nociceptors respond to?

A

Noxious (tissue damage) stimulus
Mechanical deformation
Excessive heat
Chemicals released by damaged tissue

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21
Q

What four chemicals are released by damaged tissues?

A

Bradykinins, prostaglandins, histamine, cytokines

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22
Q

Bradykinin: what is it released by and when?

A

Enzymes when tissue damage occurs

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23
Q

Bradykinin: what is it?

A

A potent pain producing chemical

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24
Q

The release of Bradykinin causes:

A

Proliferation and migration of histamines and prostaglandins.

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25
Q

What does proliferation and migration of histamines and prostaglandins initiate?

A

Initiates healing and additional pain receptors to fire

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26
Q

Prostaglandin is involved in: (3)

A

Activation of inflammatory response, production of pain, and fever

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27
Q

How are prostaglandins produced?

A

From white blood cells flooding to site of tissue damage.

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28
Q

What type of structure is lactate? (Lactic acid?)

A

Metabolite

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29
Q

How does lactate (lactic acid) result?

A

When muscles burn glucose in absence of oxygen. (Or burn pyruvate- an energy source)

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30
Q

What does lactic acid dissociate into?

A

Lactate and hydrogen ions

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31
Q

What does the production of lactic acid and hydrogen ions in the muscle cause?

A

Lowering of pH of the muscle cells.

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32
Q

Why does low pH (from production of lactate and hydrogen ions from lactic acid) matter?

A

It stimulates the free nerve endings on the muscle resulting in the perception of pain

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33
Q

What does it mean when a cutaneous receptor senses sustained pressure? Merkel’s discs and Ruffini corpuscle endings.

A

The receptor doesn’t become desensitized.

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34
Q

What does pacinian corpuscle and meissner’s corpuscle have in common?

A

They both sense vibration and their dendrites are encapsulated into connective tissue

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35
Q

What does Merkel’s discs and Ruffini corpuscle endings have in common?

A

The both sense sustained pressure and therefore do not desensitise.

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36
Q

What 3 thinks do free nerve ending receptors sense which the others do not?

A

Temperature
Nociception (pain)
Light touch

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37
Q

What does Merkel’s disc sense that Ruffini corpuscle endings do not?

A

Sustained touch

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38
Q

Which one receptor desensitises to pressure?

Which two do not desensitise to pressure?

A 
Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure) 
Ruffini corpuscles and Merkel's discs
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39
Q

Which cutaneous receptor senses change in texture?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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40
Q

What do histamines do?

A

Cause inflammation

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41
Q

What chemical is released when white blood cells migrate to area of tissue damage?

A

Prostaglandin

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42
Q

Which chemical is involved in the inflammatory response?

A

Prostaglandin

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43
Q

Which chemical is involved in activation of fever?

A

Prostaglandin

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44
Q

Which chemical is released first: prostaglandins or bradykinins?

A

Bradykinin

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45
Q

Name of pain pathway?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

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46
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract brings somatic pain and temperature from where to where?

A

Thalamus to somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe.

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47
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract is highly localised and rapid. What does localised mean?

A

One particular location

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48
Q

When somatic pain synapses on the the same interneurons as neuron carrying visceral pain information. What is this called?

A

Referred pain

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49
Q

4 ways to prevent or treat pain

A

Endorphins
Sensory or mental activity
Analgesics
Anesthetics

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50
Q

What do endorphins do?

A

Inhibit transmission of pain signals

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51
Q

What is endorphins?

A

Natural opiate

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52
Q

What are analgesics ?

A

Chemicals used to reduce sensitivity to pain without loss of consciousness or sense of touch
(Ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen)

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53
Q

What are anesthetics?

A

Chemicals used to induce loss of feeling it sensation in all or part of the body

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54
Q

Name of the entire spectrum of light energy?

A

Electromagnetic spectrum

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55
Q

Where is the image flipped during light refraction of the eye?

A

The retina

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56
Q

Right side visual field of both eyes is projected on the ______ sides of retinas.

A

Left

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57
Q

Left side visual fields of both eyes is projected on the ______ sides of retinas.

A

Right

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58
Q

Of eye to keep an object focused on retina as distance b between eye and retina changes
is called __________

A

Accommodation

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59
Q

What kind of structure is ciliary muses of the eye?

A

Sphincters

60
Q

What happens to ciliary muscle of the eye when using distant vision?

A

They relax

61
Q

What happens to suspensory ligaments of the eye when using distant vision?

A

The are pulled by the relaxed ciliary muscles

62
Q

What happens to ciliary muscle of the eye when using close vision?

A

They contract

63
Q

What happens to suspensory ligaments of the eye when using close vision?

A

They are loosened by the contracting ciliary muscles

64
Q

What is the word for normal vison?

A

Emmetropoia

65
Q

Name for nearsightedness?

A

Myopia

66
Q

Where are distance images focused on eye for myopia (nearsightedness)?

A

In front of retina

67
Q

Where are distance images focused on eye for hyperopia (farsightedness)?

A

Behind the retina

68
Q

What causes astigmatism of eyes?

A

Asymmetry between the cornea and the lens

69
Q

Name for farsightedness?

A

Hyperopia

70
Q

Hyperopia (farsightedness) is often due to ____ eyeballs, whereas myopia (nearsightedness) is due to ______ eyeballs.

A

Short

Long

71
Q

Hyperopia is fixed by ________ lenses, whereas myopia is fixed by ______ lenses.

A

Convex

Concave

72
Q

Astigmatism is fixed by ______ lenses.

A

Cylindrical

73
Q

Name of farsightedness due to age

A

Presbyopia

74
Q

What happens with the lens in presbyopia?

A

Lens is less elastic
Can’t accommodate for near vision
Can’t assume more rounded shape.

75
Q

What is needed to help presbyopia?

A

Bifocals or reading glasses

76
Q

Which muscles of eye cause construction of pupil?

A

Circular muscles of iris

77
Q

Which muscles of the eye cause dilation?

A

Radial

78
Q

Cholinergic drugs have an increased effect of dilation or construction of pupils?

A

Constriction

79
Q

Adrenergic drugs have increased effect on dilation or constriction of pupils?
Hint: what kind of drugs are adrenergic?

A

Dilation

80
Q

What type of reflex is a pupillary reflex?

A

Consensual reflex

81
Q

Name of cell bodies outside brain along path of light?

A

Ciliary ganglia

82
Q

Make of cell bodies office CNS on path of light?

A

Eddinger-westphal nuclei

83
Q

Cell bodies in CNS back if brain along light pathway?

A

Pretectal nuclei

84
Q

A. Ganglion cells B. Rods and cones
C. Bipolar cells
Direction from 1st to last

A

B
C
A

85
Q

What 2 layers sits below rods cones?

A

Pigmented epithelium

Choroid

86
Q

Purpose of pigmented epithelium? 2

A

Absorbs scattered lightrods

Nutrients to rods and cones

87
Q

Which type of photoreceptor can create an individual action potential by itself?

A

Cones

88
Q

Which type of photoreceptor has each of its own kind of receptor attached to one neuron?

A

Rods

89
Q

More rods or cones?

A

Rods (20x more!)

6million vs 120million

90
Q

What is the visual pigment for rods?

A

Rhodopsin

Gets light bleached and shuts off in bright light

91
Q

Bipolar cells within eye are on/off cells. Not a gradient of stimulus they carry. True or false?

A

True

92
Q

Which lobe of brain is visual?

A

Occipital

93
Q

Some fibers of optic nerve travel within tracts that are on opposite sides as it’s eye. True or false

A

True

94
Q

Left optic tract contains…

A

Contralateral visual field. Eg. Right portion of left eye, right portion of right eye.

Left peripheral and right central

95
Q

Right optic nerve contains

A

Right peripheral and right Central

96
Q

Name of bundle of cell bodies between optic tract and thalamus (portion of thalamus that recieved the information)

A

Laterial geniculate nucleus

97
Q

Lesion in left optic nerve. Which visual fields would be effected?

A

The entire contralateral visual field

Both left eye central and left eye peripheral

98
Q

Lesion in left optic tract. Which visual fields would be effected?

A

Right sides of both eyes

Left eye central and right eye peripheral

99
Q

Lesion in right optic tract. Which visual fields would be effected?

A

The left side of both eyes

Peripheral on left eye and central on right eye

100
Q

Lesion in longitudinal region of optic chiasm. Which visual fields would be effected?

A

Peripheral vision for both eyes

101
Q

Zones of __ and___ . Soundwave

A

Compression and rarefaction

102
Q

Amplitude is…

A

Intensity or loudness

103
Q

Amplitude measured in_____ frequency measured in _____.

A

Decibels

hertz

104
Q

3 chambers of inner ear

A

Scala vestibula
Scala media (cochlear duct)
Scala tympani

105
Q

Sounds outside hearing range will bypass the cochlear duct around the _____ and be diffused out the cochlea through the ____.

A

Helicotrema

Scala tympani

106
Q

Sounds that are in hearing range will go thru the __________ ____and vibrate the _________ ______.

A

Cochlear duct

Basilar membrane

107
Q

Sound waves are amplified by ______ due to the need for higher amp in fluid than air.

A

Ossicles

Malleus, incus, stapes

108
Q

Vibrations from tympanic membrane are transmitted to an opening called the ______ _______, by ossicles.

A

Oval window

109
Q

The end of the cochlea is called?

The surrounding of the cochlear duct is called?

A

Helicotrema

Basilar membrane

110
Q

Another name for inner ear

A

Labyrinth

111
Q 
Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani are filled with \_\_\_\_. 
Scala media (cochlear duct) is filled with \_\_\_\_\_\_.;
A

Perilymph

Endolymph

112
Q

When does neutral sense of hearing begin

A

When vibrations pass into cochlear duct thru endolymph

113
Q

What happens after endo lymph moves in the chest duct?

A

Stereocilia cells move and transduce potentials

114
Q

Where do vibrations go after traveling into the cochlear duct?

A

Scala timpani’s perilymph

115
Q

Where do vibrations cease?

A

Round window

116
Q

What important structure is going in cochlear duct?

A

Tectorial membranr

117
Q

What important structure is going in cochlear duct?

A

Tectorial membranr (gelatinous)

118
Q

What happens in the cochlear duct?

A

Tectorial membrane vibrates, bending stereocilia and creating action potential

119
Q

What does stereocilia release to sensory neurons?

A

The excitatory neurotransmitter Glutamate

120
Q

What is the top layer, bottom layer? Basilar membrane and tectorial membrane

A

Tectorial top

Basilar bottom

121
Q

High frequency sound waves travel to what portion of cochlear duct?

A

Near base

122
Q

Low frequency sound waves travel to what portion of cochlear duct?

A

Near apex

123
Q

Medium frequency sound waves travel to what portion of cochlear duct?

A

Near middle

124
Q

Reflex of ossicles locking up tensor tympani muscle) in response to loud sounds

A

Attenuation reflex

125
Q

The vestibular apparatus consists of 3 _____ ______. Also 2 saclike swellings called the _____ and the _______.

A

Semicircular canals
Macula of utricle
Macula of saccule

126
Q

Macula utricle and saccule responsible for

A

Static equilibrium

127
Q

Semicircular canals responsible for

A

Dynamic equilibrium

128
Q

Vestibular system is connected to the _____ _____.

A

Cochlear duct

129
Q

Maintaining head position while body is still. Example of ________ equilibrium

A

Static

130
Q

Where are receptors located for equilibrium?

A

Macula

Buy utricle and saccule

131
Q

Each macula of vestibular apparatus of ear contains hair cells. These cells’ tips are anchored to gelatinous block containing crystals (Otoliths). True?

A

Yes

132
Q

Otoliths (ear stones) do what for ear?

A

Give weight to gelatinous material sitting atop the stereocilia in the macula of the vestibular apparatus of the ear.

133
Q

In vestibular apparatus the hair cells are connected to the_______.

A

Cupula

Movement of endolymph cause cupula to be causing ap

134
Q

In semicircular canals, endolymph is ___ ___ due to inertia and cupula is _____.

A

lagging behind

bent

135
Q

2 other factors in vestibular equilibrium?

A

Proprioception

Visual cues

136
Q

Elevations on to tongue called

A

Pupillae

137
Q

What types of molecules mix with saliva to a gustation?

A

Tastant molecules

138
Q

Gustatory hairs protect from each cell. True or false?

A

True

139
Q

Gustatory receptor cells undergo only go potentials. True or false?

A

True

140
Q

AP happens when taste buds come in contact with particular chemicals. True or false?

A

True

141
Q

Taste to epiglottis comes from cn ___
Taste to posterior 1/3 comes from cn ___
Taste to anterior 2/3 from cn ___

A

10 vagus
9 glossopharyngeal
7 Facial

142
Q

Sensation to anterior 2/3 comes from cn ___

Sensation to posterior 1/3 comes from cn ___

A

3 Trigeminal

9 glossopharyngeal

143
Q

First cells in pathway of olfaction lie in a small patch of epithelium called

A

Olfactory epithelium

144
Q

Why is there a stem cell population in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory neutrons only live for 2 months. Undergoing mitosis and differentiation to ensure continued olfaction abilities.

145
Q

Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue cn__

A

7

146
Q

Olfaction does not go to thalamus. It goes to the_______ _______

A

Limbic system

147
Q

Where are the receptor cells for olfaction?

A

On the cilia

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