Ppts 4 Pain & Senses Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Pain is _______(special or general) sense.
A
General
2
Q
Name 4 special senses…
A
Vision
Hearing
Taste
Olfaction (smell)
3
Q
What special structure does a special sense need?
A
Receptor
4
Q
What do sensory receptors do? (Function)
A
Convert different forms of energy into nerve impulses
5
Q
Why do we have different sensory perceptions?
A
Because differences in nerve pathways
Optic nerve impulses are interpreted by brain as light
6
Q
4 different sensory receptors
Associated with touch, tissue damage, light, dissolved chemicals
A
Mechanoreceptors
Nociceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
7
Q
What are cutaneous pain receptors called?
A
Nociceptors
8
Q
What are cutaneous touch/pressure receptors called?
A
Mechanoreceptors
9
Q
What are cochlea and vestibular apparatus receptors called?
A
Mechanoreceptors
10
Q
What are rod and cone receptors called?
A
Photoreceptors
11
Q
What are the names of receptors the pick up in smell and taste?
A
Chemoreceptors
12
Q
Nantes of the 5 cutaneous receptors called?
3 were learned in anatomy
A
Pacinian corpuscles Meissner's corpuscles Free nerve endings Merkel's disk's Ruffini corpuscles (endings)
13
Q
Sensation: Light touch; hot; cold; nociception (pain)
Location: around hair follicles; throughout skin
Which receptor? What is the structure?
A
Free nerve endings
Unmyelinated dendrites of sensory neurons
14
Q
Sustained touch and pressure. base of epidermis (stratum basale)
Which receptor? Structure?
A
Merkel’s disks
Expanded dendritic endings
15
Q
Sustained pressure. Deep in dermis and hypodermis.
Receptor? Structure?
A
Ruffini corpuscle (endings) Enlarged dendritic endings with open, elongated capsule
16
Q
Changes in texture; slow vibrations. Upper dermis. (Papillary layer)
Receptor? Structure?
A
Meissner’s corpuscle.
Dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue
17
Q
Sensation: Deep pressure; fast vibrations. Location: Deep in dermis .
Receptor? Structure?
A
Pacinian corpuscle.
Dendrites encapsulated by concentric lamellae of connective tissue structures.
18
Q
Unmyelinated neurons of bare or free nerve endings cause what kind of pain?
A
Dull, persistent pain
19
Q
Myelinated neurons of bare or free nerve endings cause what kind of pain?
A
Sudden, sharp pain
20
Q
What are four examples of what nociceptors respond to?
A
Noxious (tissue damage) stimulus
Mechanical deformation
Excessive heat
Chemicals released by damaged tissue
21
Q
What four chemicals are released by damaged tissues?
A
Bradykinins, prostaglandins, histamine, cytokines
22
Q
Bradykinin: what is it released by and when?
A
Enzymes when tissue damage occurs
23
Q
Bradykinin: what is it?
A
A potent pain producing chemical
24
Q
The release of Bradykinin causes:
A
Proliferation and migration of histamines and prostaglandins.
25
What does proliferation and migration of histamines and prostaglandins initiate?
Initiates healing and additional pain receptors to fire
26
Prostaglandin is involved in: (3)
Activation of inflammatory response, production of pain, and fever
27
How are prostaglandins produced?
From white blood cells flooding to site of tissue damage.
28
What type of structure is lactate? (Lactic acid?)
Metabolite
29
How does lactate (lactic acid) result?
When muscles burn glucose in absence of oxygen. (Or burn pyruvate- an energy source)
30
What does lactic acid dissociate into?
Lactate and hydrogen ions
31
What does the production of lactic acid and hydrogen ions in the muscle cause?
Lowering of pH of the muscle cells.
32
Why does low pH (from production of lactate and hydrogen ions from lactic acid) matter?
It stimulates the free nerve endings on the muscle resulting in the perception of pain
33
What does it mean when a cutaneous receptor senses sustained pressure? Merkel's discs and Ruffini corpuscle endings.
The receptor doesn't become desensitized.
34
What does pacinian corpuscle and meissner's corpuscle have in common?
They both sense vibration and their dendrites are encapsulated into connective tissue
35
What does Merkel's discs and Ruffini corpuscle endings have in common?
The both sense sustained pressure and therefore do not desensitise.
36
What 3 thinks do free nerve ending receptors sense which the others do not?
Temperature
Nociception (pain)
Light touch
37
What does Merkel's disc sense that Ruffini corpuscle endings do not?
Sustained touch
38
Which one receptor desensitises to pressure?
| Which two do not desensitise to pressure?
```
Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure)
Ruffini corpuscles and Merkel's discs
```
39
Which cutaneous receptor senses change in texture?
Meissner's corpuscle
40
What do histamines do?
Cause inflammation
41
What chemical is released when white blood cells migrate to area of tissue damage?
Prostaglandin
42
Which chemical is involved in the inflammatory response?
Prostaglandin
43
Which chemical is involved in activation of fever?
Prostaglandin
44
Which chemical is released first: prostaglandins or bradykinins?
Bradykinin
45
Name of pain pathway?
Lateral spinothalamic tract
46
Lateral spinothalamic tract brings somatic pain and temperature from where to where?
Thalamus to somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe.
47
Lateral spinothalamic tract is highly localised and rapid. What does localised mean?
One particular location
48
When somatic pain synapses on the the same interneurons as neuron carrying visceral pain information. What is this called?
Referred pain
49
4 ways to prevent or treat pain
Endorphins
Sensory or mental activity
Analgesics
Anesthetics
50
What do endorphins do?
Inhibit transmission of pain signals
51
What is endorphins?
Natural opiate
52
What are analgesics ?
Chemicals used to reduce sensitivity to pain without loss of consciousness or sense of touch
(Ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen)
53
What are anesthetics?
Chemicals used to induce loss of feeling it sensation in all or part of the body
54
Name of the entire spectrum of light energy?
Electromagnetic spectrum
55
Where is the image flipped during light refraction of the eye?
The retina
56
Right side visual field of both eyes is projected on the ______ sides of retinas.
Left
57
Left side visual fields of both eyes is projected on the ______ sides of retinas.
Right
58
Of eye to keep an object focused on retina as distance b between eye and retina changes
is called __________
Accommodation
59
What kind of structure is ciliary muses of the eye?
Sphincters
60
What happens to ciliary muscle of the eye when using distant vision?
They relax
61
What happens to suspensory ligaments of the eye when using distant vision?
The are pulled by the relaxed ciliary muscles
62
What happens to ciliary muscle of the eye when using close vision?
They contract
63
What happens to suspensory ligaments of the eye when using close vision?
They are loosened by the contracting ciliary muscles
64
What is the word for normal vison?
Emmetropoia
65
Name for nearsightedness?
Myopia
66
Where are distance images focused on eye for myopia (nearsightedness)?
In front of retina
67
Where are distance images focused on eye for hyperopia (farsightedness)?
Behind the retina
68
What causes astigmatism of eyes?
Asymmetry between the cornea and the lens
69
Name for farsightedness?
Hyperopia
70
Hyperopia (farsightedness) is often due to ____ eyeballs, whereas myopia (nearsightedness) is due to ______ eyeballs.
Short
| Long
71
Hyperopia is fixed by ________ lenses, whereas myopia is fixed by ______ lenses.
Convex
| Concave
72
Astigmatism is fixed by ______ lenses.
Cylindrical
73
Name of farsightedness due to age
Presbyopia
74
What happens with the lens in presbyopia?
Lens is less elastic
Can't accommodate for near vision
Can't assume more rounded shape.
75
What is needed to help presbyopia?
Bifocals or reading glasses
76
Which muscles of eye cause construction of pupil?
Circular muscles of iris
77
Which muscles of the eye cause dilation?
Radial
78
Cholinergic drugs have an increased effect of dilation or construction of pupils?
Constriction
79
Adrenergic drugs have increased effect on dilation or constriction of pupils?
Hint: what kind of drugs are adrenergic?
Dilation
80
What type of reflex is a pupillary reflex?
Consensual reflex
81
Name of cell bodies outside brain along path of light?
Ciliary ganglia
82
Make of cell bodies office CNS on path of light?
Eddinger-westphal nuclei
83
Cell bodies in CNS back if brain along light pathway?
Pretectal nuclei
84
A. Ganglion cells B. Rods and cones
C. Bipolar cells
Direction from 1st to last
B
C
A
85
What 2 layers sits below rods cones?
Pigmented epithelium
| Choroid
86
Purpose of pigmented epithelium? 2
Absorbs scattered lightrods
| Nutrients to rods and cones
87
Which type of photoreceptor can create an individual action potential by itself?
Cones
88
Which type of photoreceptor has each of its own kind of receptor attached to one neuron?
Rods
89
More rods or cones?
Rods (20x more!)
| 6million vs 120million
90
What is the visual pigment for rods?
Rhodopsin
| Gets light bleached and shuts off in bright light
91
Bipolar cells within eye are on/off cells. Not a gradient of stimulus they carry. True or false?
True
92
Which lobe of brain is visual?
Occipital
93
Some fibers of optic nerve travel within tracts that are on opposite sides as it's eye. True or false
True
94
Left optic tract contains...
Contralateral visual field. Eg. Right portion of left eye, right portion of right eye.
Left peripheral and right central
95
Right optic nerve contains
Right peripheral and right Central
96
Name of bundle of cell bodies between optic tract and thalamus (portion of thalamus that recieved the information)
Laterial geniculate nucleus
97
Lesion in left optic nerve. Which visual fields would be effected?
The entire contralateral visual field
Both left eye central and left eye peripheral
98
Lesion in left optic tract. Which visual fields would be effected?
Right sides of both eyes
| Left eye central and right eye peripheral
99
Lesion in right optic tract. Which visual fields would be effected?
The left side of both eyes
| Peripheral on left eye and central on right eye
100
Lesion in longitudinal region of optic chiasm. Which visual fields would be effected?
Peripheral vision for both eyes
101
Zones of __ and___ . Soundwave
Compression and rarefaction
102
Amplitude is...
Intensity or loudness
103
Amplitude measured in_____ frequency measured in _____.
Decibels
| hertz
104
3 chambers of inner ear
Scala vestibula
Scala media (cochlear duct)
Scala tympani
105
Sounds outside hearing range will bypass the cochlear duct around the _____ and be diffused out the cochlea through the ____.
Helicotrema
| Scala tympani
106
Sounds that are in hearing range will go thru the __________ ____and vibrate the _________ ______.
Cochlear duct
| Basilar membrane
107
Sound waves are amplified by ______ due to the need for higher amp in fluid than air.
Ossicles
| Malleus, incus, stapes
108
Vibrations from tympanic membrane are transmitted to an opening called the ______ _______, by ossicles.
Oval window
109
The end of the cochlea is called?
| The surrounding of the cochlear duct is called?
Helicotrema
| Basilar membrane
110
Another name for inner ear
Labyrinth
111
```
Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani are filled with ____.
Scala media (cochlear duct) is filled with ______.;
```
Perilymph
| Endolymph
112
When does neutral sense of hearing begin
When vibrations pass into cochlear duct thru endolymph
113
What happens after endo lymph moves in the chest duct?
Stereocilia cells move and transduce potentials
114
Where do vibrations go after traveling into the cochlear duct?
Scala timpani's perilymph
115
Where do vibrations cease?
Round window
116
What important structure is going in cochlear duct?
Tectorial membranr
117
What important structure is going in cochlear duct?
Tectorial membranr (gelatinous)
118
What happens in the cochlear duct?
Tectorial membrane vibrates, bending stereocilia and creating action potential
119
What does stereocilia release to sensory neurons?
The excitatory neurotransmitter Glutamate
120
What is the top layer, bottom layer? Basilar membrane and tectorial membrane
Tectorial top
| Basilar bottom
121
High frequency sound waves travel to what portion of cochlear duct?
Near base
122
Low frequency sound waves travel to what portion of cochlear duct?
Near apex
123
Medium frequency sound waves travel to what portion of cochlear duct?
Near middle
124
Reflex of ossicles locking up tensor tympani muscle) in response to loud sounds
Attenuation reflex
125
The vestibular apparatus consists of 3 _____ ______. Also 2 saclike swellings called the _____ and the _______.
Semicircular canals
Macula of utricle
Macula of saccule
126
Macula utricle and saccule responsible for
Static equilibrium
127
Semicircular canals responsible for
Dynamic equilibrium
128
Vestibular system is connected to the _____ _____.
Cochlear duct
129
Maintaining head position while body is still. Example of ________ equilibrium
Static
130
Where are receptors located for equilibrium?
Macula
| Buy utricle and saccule
131
Each macula of vestibular apparatus of ear contains hair cells. These cells' tips are anchored to gelatinous block containing crystals (Otoliths). True?
Yes
132
Otoliths (ear stones) do what for ear?
Give weight to gelatinous material sitting atop the stereocilia in the macula of the vestibular apparatus of the ear.
133
In vestibular apparatus the hair cells are connected to the_______.
Cupula
| Movement of endolymph cause cupula to be causing ap
134
In semicircular canals, endolymph is ___ ___ due to inertia and cupula is _____.
lagging behind
| bent
135
2 other factors in vestibular equilibrium?
Proprioception
| Visual cues
136
Elevations on to tongue called
Pupillae
137
What types of molecules mix with saliva to a gustation?
Tastant molecules
138
Gustatory hairs protect from each cell. True or false?
True
139
Gustatory receptor cells undergo only go potentials. True or false?
True
140
AP happens when taste buds come in contact with particular chemicals. True or false?
True
141
Taste to epiglottis comes from cn ___
Taste to posterior 1/3 comes from cn ___
Taste to anterior 2/3 from cn ___
10 vagus
9 glossopharyngeal
7 Facial
142
Sensation to anterior 2/3 comes from cn ___
| Sensation to posterior 1/3 comes from cn ___
3 Trigeminal
| 9 glossopharyngeal
143
First cells in pathway of olfaction lie in a small patch of epithelium called
Olfactory epithelium
144
Why is there a stem cell population in the olfactory epithelium?
Olfactory neutrons only live for 2 months. Undergoing mitosis and differentiation to ensure continued olfaction abilities.
145
Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue cn__
7
146
Olfaction does not go to thalamus. It goes to the_______ _______
Limbic system
147
Where are the receptor cells for olfaction?
On the cilia
