PR2 (wrong) Flashcards by R A.

helps understand the research topic

Purpose of literature review

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provides a critical written account of the
current state of research on your selected topic

Purpose of literature review

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provides a critical written account of the
current state of research on your selected topic

Purpose of literature review

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How to write literature review?

look for references to strengthen claims and
understanding about the topic
prepare an outline (ex. concept mapping)
find models to get themes
(read, read, and read)
be selective and prepare a matrix to organize
information from various sources
organize content and synthesize findings
do not over quote by highlighting the essential or
main point
give credit to the sources by citing references
cite only what you have read and understood

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Examples of websites to find reliable sources

connectedpapers.com
inciteful.xyz
litmaps.com

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tips on evaluating sources

evaluating digital information can be a complex process
avoid letting any one source “hijack your consciousness”
critically evaluating how and why information
was created and by whom (

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Methods in evaluating sources

CRAAP Test
SIFT Test
Boolean searching

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developed by librarians at California State University-Chico

CRAAP Test

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handy checklist to use when evaluating a
web resource (or ANY resource)

CRAAP Test

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decides whether or not a source is reliable
and credible enough to use in research paper

CRAAP Test

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first-line examination of the website - also
called vertical reading

CRAAP Test

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What does CRAAP mean?

Currency - timeliness
Relevance - importance
Authority - source
Accuracy - reliability, truthfulness, correctness
Purpose - reason

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CRAAP: When was the information published or posted? Has the information been revised or updated?

Currency - timeliness of the information

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CRAAP: Does your topic require current information, or will older sources work as well? Are the links functional?

Currency - timeliness of the information

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CRAAP: Does the website’s copyright date match the content’s currency? Or is it just a standard range?

Currency - timeliness of the information

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CRAAP: Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question? Who is the intended audience?

Relevance - importance of the information

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CRAAP: Is the information at an appropriate level (i.e. not too elementary or advanced for your needs)?

Relevance - importance of the information

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CRAAP: Have you looked at a variety of sources before determining this is one you will use?

Relevance - importance of the information

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CRAAP: Who is the author/publisher/source/sponsor What are the author’s credentials or organizational
affiliations

Authority - source of the information

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CRAAP: is the author qualified to write on the topic? Is there contact information, such as a publisher or
email address

Authority - source of the information

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CRAAP: Does the URL reveal anything about the author or Source?

Authority - source of the information

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CRAAP: Where does the information come from? Is the information supported by evidence

Accuracy - reliability, truthfulness and correctness of the content

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CRAAP: Where does the information come from? Is the information supported by evidence?

Accuracy - reliability, truthfulness and correctness of the content

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CRAAP: Has the information been reviewed or refereed? Can you verify any of the information in another source or from personal knowledge?

Accuracy - reliability, truthfulness and correctness of the content

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CRAAP: Does the language or tone seem unbiased and free of emotion? Are there spelling, grammar or typographical errors?

Accuracy - reliability, truthfulness and correctness of the content

CRAAP: What is the purpose of the information? Is it to inform, teach, sell, entertain or persuade? Do the authors/sponsors make their intentions or purpose clear?

Purpose - reason the information exists

CRAAP: Is the information fact, opinion or propaganda? Does the point of view appear objective and impartial?

Purpose - reason the information exists

CRAAP: Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional or personal biases?

Purpose - reason the information exists

created by Mike Caulfield at Washington State University

SIFT METHOD

Eevaluate source in the larger information ecosystem, rather than as a silo all its ownTHOD

SIFT METHOD

form of lateral reading allowing searchers to move laterally across connected sites

SIFT METHOD

Meaning of SIFT

Stop - remember what your purpose is Investigate - importance Find - other coverage Trace - claims, quotes, and media back to the original context

SIFT: What do you need from this source, and what type of information do you need it to provide? What are the major claims being made here?

Stop

SIFT: Do you see any issues that should be verified or investigated further?

Stop

Make a plan to put this source in the context of other information, not just what it presents here

Stop

SIFT: What can you find online? What do other organizations say about this source

Investigate

SIFT: Does this scholarly article have any associated commentary, editorials, or corrections/errata? Has it been retracted?

Investigate

Where does your news source or website fall on the political spectrum? Has it been investigated by fact checkers? Who funds the source

Investigate

SWIFT: Did you find other sources on the same question or topic? Are those sources in consensus with the source you originally found, or do they have different information?

Find the coverage

SWIFT: Would these new sources be more appropriate for your information needs?

Find the coverage

- Apply lateral reading to the new source. what are other websites or organizations saying about this new source? How does this new coverage put your original source in context

Find the coverage

SWIFT: If a blog post refers to a scholarly study, find the original study - does it claim what the website claims it does?

Trace

SWIFT: Has that study been retracted or otherwise edited in the meantime? Research the claims made on your source.

Trace

SWIFT: Does the general scholarly consensus agree with what is stated? What is the original context for these claims?

Trace

By George Boole

Boolen Searching

used by most databases to focus searches

Boolen Searching

three Boolean operators are recognized by most databases

AND, OR, and NOT

Boolean: use to connect two or more concepts *Narrows your search *Retrieve less results *Results will contain both concepts

"And"

Boolean: some database use “+” instead AND

And

Boolean: use to connect two or more similar concepts (synonyms) * Broadens your search *Retrieve more results *Not all results will contain both concepts

Boolean: use to exclude concepts from your search *Narrows your search * Tells the database to ignore results with one concept - even if those results contain other concepts used the search

NOT

start with the big picture about your topic

Boolean searching

state the purpose of your study, its main idea of problem and your capacity and interest as a researcher for doing the study

Boolean searching

end up with the intended contribution of the study in your field of interest

Boolean searching

Examples of library databases

Academic Search Premier & MasterFile Premier)

Search engines

Google & Bing)

Types of information retrieved in library databes

- Scholarly journal articles - Popular magazine articles Newspaper articles * Reference book articles (e.g., directories, encyclopedias) * Books * No sponsors or ads

Types of information retrieved in information from search engines

- Few free scholarly journal articles and books * Popular websites (e.g., Wikipedia) * Educational websites * Government web sites (e.g., Library of Congress, Kansas.gov) * Statistics (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau) * Organizational web sites (e.g., American Psychological Association) * Many sponsors and ads

When to use library databases

Best for college level research * When you need to find credible information quickly

When to use search engines

- Best for personal information needs including shopping and entertainment - When you have time to more carefully evaluate information found on the open web

Credibility / Review Process of library databases

- Articles and books written by journalists or experts in a professional field. - All material in database is evaluated for accuracy and credibility by subject experts and publishers. - Reviewed and updated regularly

Credibility / Review Process of search engines

- Lack of control allows anybody to publish their opinions and ideas. - not evaluated (for the most part). Need to be more carefully evaluate web sites for bias, accuracy, and completeness. - Many sites are not updated regularly and can become outdated

Constancy / Permanence / Stability of library dabases

- Published content from journals, magazines, newspapers, and books does not change - Most material remains in database for a significant length of time and can be easily retrieved again

Constancy / Permanence / Stability of search engines

- Web site content can often change - Web pages and sites may disappear for a number of reasons. May not be able to retrieve the same content at a later time

to identify the sources used in your work

to cite

Specific details are noted to help the reader find the source

citing references

Where do citations appear in a research paper?

In-text citation (parenthetical & narrative) Reference Citation

acknowledgment of the quote or paraphrase from a source included in the text

In-text citation

follows the author0-date method

In-text citation

complete, alphabetical list of all the sources used

Reference citation

also called bibliography or works cited

Reference citation

include the year in every parenthetical citation

Repeating citation

when can the year be omitted from an in-text citation?

only when multiple narrative citations to a work appear within a single paragraph.

what to do if you cite multiple works by the same author or authors, regardless of the publication years,

include the date in every in-text citation to prevent ambiguity

Four Elements of a reference entry

Author Date Title Source

how is the citation arranged in the list

Author. (Date). Title. Source

stdsolution to missing author

Provide the title, date, and source Title. (Date). Source.

solution to missing date

Provide the author, write “n.d.” for “no date," and then provide the title and source Author. (n.d.). Title.

What to do with missing author and date

Provide the title, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then provide the source Title. (n.d.). Source

What to do when your there is no author and title

Describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the date and source [Description of work]. (Date). Source

What to do when there is no author, date and title

Describe the work in square brackets, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then provide the source/ [Description of work]. (n.d.). Source

What to do when there is no source

Cite as a personal ommunication or find another work to cite (see the Publication Manual for more information) No reference list

refers broadly to person(s) or group responsible for a work

authors

but also others who played primary roles in the creation of a work, such as the editor(s) of a book, the director of a film, the principal investigator of a grant, a podcast host, and so on

Authors

may be * an individual * multiple people * a group (institution, government agency or organization) or * a combination of people and groups

authors

often government agencies, nonprofit organization, and task forces

group authors