Practical #3

Question 1

The joints between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae have limited movement, so they are classified as
________________________ based on their degree of movement. Anatomically these joints fall under
the broad category of __________________________ joints; specifically, they are _________________
joints and include a pad or disk comprised primarily of _____________________________

Answer 1

amphiarthrotic, cartilaginous, symphysis, fibrocartilage

Question 2

The feature on the superior end of the sternum is the ______________________________ and that on
the inferior end is the ________________________________

Answer 2

manubrium, xiphoid process

Question 3

Facets on the ribs articulate with facets on the thoracic vertebrae to form a specific type of synovial joint
called a(n) ___________________ joint. Based on the degree of movement possible, these are
classified as __________________________ joints.

Answer 3

plane, diarthrotic

Question 4

The muscles between adjacent ribs that act to depress the ribs are the ___________________________

Answer 4

internal intercostals

Question 5

The muscle of the abdominal region that originates on the lower 6 ribs and iliac crest is the
___________________________________. The fibers of this muscle are oriented horizontally

Answer 5

transversus abdominis

Question 6

A narrow, ridge-like projection of a bone is called a(n) _________________. On the ilium, this feature
serves as the insertion for the external oblique muscle.

Answer 6

crest

Question 7

The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity is the _______________

Answer 7

diaphragm

Question 8

Thoracic vertebrae are the only vertebrae with ___________________ facets for ribs.

Answer 8

costal

Question 9

The muscle of the abdominal region that originates on the lower 8 ribs and acts to compress the abdomen
is the ____________________________. The fibers of this muscle are oriented at an angle.

Answer 9

external oblique

Question 10

The atlas makes a ___________________________ type of synovial joint with the occipital bone.

Answer 10

condylar

Question 11

The erector spinae consists of three muscle groups: the lateral or _________________________ group,
the intermediate or _________________________ group, and the medial or _____________________
group. All have their origin ___________________ their insertion so as to maintain upright posture

Answer 11

iliocostalis, longissimus, below

Question 12

The sternum and first rib are held together by ___________________ cartilage and form a specific type
of cartilaginous joint called a(n) _____________________________. Based on its degree of movement,
this is an example of a(n) _______________________________ joint.

Answer 12

hyaline, synchondrosis, synarthrotic

Question 13

Small, flattened features of the first thoracic vertebra, specifically called the _____________________
_______________________________________ articulate with the ____________________________
_____________________________________________ of the seventh cervical vertebra.

Answer 13

superior articular facets, inferior articular facets

Question 14

The muscle of the abdominal region that inserts on to ribs 5-7 and the xiphoid process is the
_________________________________________. The fibers of the muscle are oriented vertically.

Answer 14

rectus abdominis

Question 15

The muscles between adjacent ribs that act to elevate the ribs are the __________________________

Answer 15

external intercostals

Question 16

When classifying bones based on shape, ribs, the sternum, and the ilium are all classified as
_____________________ bones

Answer 16

flat

Question 17

Compared to other vertebrae, the _____________________________________ of lumbar vertebrae
project laterally and the ______________________________________ is nearly horizontal.

Answer 17

transverse processes, spinous process

Question 18

The _________________________ muscle acts to flex the trunk when the lesser trochanter of the femur
acts as the origin. If the lesser trochanter acts as the insertion, however, this muscle acts to flex the hip.

Answer 18

psoas major

Question 19

The opening through which the spinal cord passes in all vertebrae is called the ____________________
foramen.

Answer 19

vertabral

Question 20

A thorn-like projection on the posterior region of a typical vertebra is called the
______________________________. This same feature is also found on the scapula

Answer 20

spinous process

Question 21

Cervical vertebrae are the only vertebrae with _______________________________ foramina.

Answer 21

transverse

Question 22

When classifying bones based on their shape, all the vertebrae as classified as __________________
bones

Answer 22

irregular

Question 23

A pair of ___________________________________ project laterally and slightly posteriorly from each
typical cervical and thoracic vertebra.

Answer 23

transverse processes

Question 24

Moving a body part around a central axis is called ___________________. This is the only movement
possible at the pivot joint formed between the _______________________________ of the atlas and the
_______________________________ of the axis.

Answer 24

rotation, fovea dentis, dens

Question 25

The muscle of the abdominal region that inserts on to the lower 3 ribs, pubis, and linea alba is the ______________________________. The fibers of this muscle are oriented at an angle.

Answer 25

internal oblique

Question 26

The sacrum is composed of vertebrae that have fused together. The median sacral crest is comprised of a ridge of projections called ___________________. On individual vertebrae, these features are called _______________________________________

Answer 26

tubercles, spinous processes

Question 27

The large opening in each coxal bone is called the ______________________________. Blood vessels such as the femoral artery and vein and nerves such as the sciatic nerve pass through this opening.

Answer 27

orbturator foramen

Question 28

The head or proximal epiphysis of the femur fits into the ________________________, a cup-shaped cavity formed by the coxal bones.

Answer 28

acetabulum

Question 29

Relatively large processes just distal to the neck of the femur are the greater and lesser __________________

Answer 29

trochanters

Question 30

The feature located between the posterior inferior iliac spine and the ischial spine on the coxal bone is the ___________________________________, while the feature located between the ischial spine and the ischial tuberosity on the coxal bone is the ___________________________________. Nerves from the lumbosacral plexus as well as blood vessels pass through these notches

Answer 30

greater sciatic notch, lesser sciatic notch

Question 31

Openings on the sacrum called _________________________ provide passageways for nerves and blood vessels. There are four of these openings on each side of the sacrum

Answer 31

sacral foramina

Question 32

By definition all synovial joints are diarthrotic and have a wide range of motion. _________________ joints, including the joints between the sacrum and coxal bones, however, have limited sliding motions

Answer 32

plane

Question 33

The large muscle of the posterior hip that originates on the ilium, sacrum and coccyx and acts to extend the leg at the hip and rotate the thigh laterally is the _______________________________

Answer 33

gluteus maximus

Question 34

The muscle of the posterior region of the upper leg that originates on the ischial tuberosity and the linea aspera of the femur and acts to flex the lower leg and extend the upper leg is the ________________________

Answer 34

biceps femoris

Question 35

The muscle on the lateral side of the leg that inserts by means of a long tendon (the fascia of the iliotibial tract) on to the lateral surface of the tibia is the _____________________________

Answer 35

tensor fasciae latae

Question 36

A knob-like process is usually larger than a tubercle is called a(n) __________________. On the ischium, this feature serves as the origin for the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles.

Answer 36

tuberosity

Question 37

The muscle group of the medial region of the upper leg that originates on the pubis and ischium and inserts on to the linea aspera of the femur is the _________________________ group

Answer 37

addductor

Question 38

The muscle of the posterior region of the upper leg that inserts on to the medial condyle of the tibia and acts to extend the upper leg and rotate the thigh medially is the ____________________________

Answer 38

semimembranosus

Question 39

The long muscle of the leg that originates on the anterior superior iliac spine and inserts on to the medial surface of the tibia is the ________________________

Answer 39

sartorius

Question 40

The vertebral foramina of the fused sacral vertebrae form the ______________________________

Answer 40

sacral canal

Question 41

When classifying bones based on shape, the innominate bone is classified as a(n) _____________ bone.

Answer 41

flat

Question 42

The muscle of the anterior region of the upper leg that originates on the anterior inferior iliac spine and acts to flex the upper leg is the _________________________________

Answer 42

rectus femoris

Question 43

The two muscles of the hip that insert on to the greater trochanter of the femur and act to abduct and rotate the thigh medially are the ___________________________ and _________________________

Answer 43

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

Question 44

A tiny pit or depression in a bone is called a(n) _____________. An example of this feature on the femur is called the ____________________________ and serves as an attachment site for ligaments

Answer 44

fovea, fovea capitis

Question 45

The joint between the acetabulum and the head of the femur is an example of a specific type of synovial joint called a(n) ______________________________________ joint. Movement in all planes, including rotation, is possible at this type of joint

Answer 45

ball and socket

Question 46

The muscle of the medial region of the upper leg that originates on the pubis below the symphysis and acts to adduct the thigh is the _____________________________

Answer 46

gracilis

Question 47

The muscle of the posterior region of the upper leg that inserts on to the medial surface of the tibia and acts to extend the upper leg is the ___________________________

Answer 47

semitendenosus

Question 48

The muscle that originates on the iliac fossa that acts to flex the thigh is the ___________________

Answer 48

iliacus

Question 49

The superior articular facets of the sacrum articular with the ____________________________________ of the fifth lumbar vertebrae to form a plane joint

Answer 49

inferior articular facets

Question 50

A narrow ridge on a bone is called a(n) ______________________. An example of this feature on the femur is called the ____________________________ and serves as an attachment site for muscles that adduct the thigh

Answer 50

linea, linea aspera

Question 51

The pubis bones form a(n) __________________________ type of cartilaginous joint. Based on its degree of movement, this is a type of _____________________________ joint.

Answer 51

symphysis, amphiarthrotic

Question 52

When the lumbar vertebrae act as the origin instead of the insertion, the __________________________ muscle acts to flex the thigh instead of the trunk.

Answer 52

psoas major

Question 53

When classifying bones based on shape, the patella is classified as a(n) ____________________ bone.

Answer 53

sesamoid or round

Question 54

The tibia, fibula, and talus form a _____________________ type of synovial joint. Flexion at this joint so that the toes point upward is called _______________________________ while extension at this joint so that the toes point downward is called _______________________________

Answer 54

hinge, plantar flexion

Question 55

The prominent projections at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula are called the ______________________________ and ______________________________, respectively. A syndesmosis joint is formed between this feature on the fibula and the lateral, distal region of the tibia.

Answer 55

medial malleolus, lateral malleolus

Question 56

Prominent rounded features at the distal end of the femur are the medial and lateral ________________. A cavity called the ____________________________________________ is found between these features. This is where the __________________________________________________ ligaments are located.

Answer 56

condyles, intercondylar fossa, anterior and posterior cruciate

Question 57

The ______________ of the fibula articulates with the tibia just distal to the lateral condyle.

Answer 57

head or apex or styloid process

Question 58

The three muscles that make up the “hamstring” group are the __________________________________ ____________________________________________________________. All of these muscles extend the thigh at the hip and flex the leg at the knee.

Answer 58

biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

Question 59

The joint between all metatarsals and their respective proximal phalanx is a(n) ____________________ type of synovial joints. Movement is biaxial, and these joints are classified as _____________________ based on their degree of movement

Answer 59

condylar, diarthrotic

Question 60

Of the four muscles in the quadriceps muscle group, only the ____________________________ flexes the hip. All of the muscles in this group at to extend the leg at the knee and insert on to the tibial tuberosity by means of the patellar tendon. The other three muscles of this group are the ___________ ___________________________________________________________________

Answer 60

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius

Question 61

The muscle of the posterior region of the lower leg that originates on the condyles of the femur and acts to plantar flex the foot is the _____________________

Answer 61

gastrocnemius

Question 62

The ________________________ muscle originates on the lower edge of the pubic symphysis and acts to adduct the thigh and flex the leg at the knee.

Answer 62

gracilis

Question 63

The distal end of the femur forms a(n) _________________________ type of joint with the tibia as well as a(n) _________________________ joint with the patella. Both are specific types of synovial joints, so based on their degree of motion both are ____________________________ joints.

Answer 63

modified hinge, plant, diarthrotic

Question 64

The muscle that originates on the anterior superior iliac spine and acts to abduct the thigh, rotate the thigh laterally, and flex the lower leg is the ________________________________

Answer 64

sartorius

Question 65

When classifying bones based on shape, all the bones of the ankle are classified as ____________ bones.

Answer 65

short

Question 66

he muscle of the anterior region of the lower leg that originates on the lateral condyle of the tibia and acts to dorsiflex the foot is the ________________________

Answer 66

tibialis anterior

Question 67

Anatomically the joint at the distal end of the tibia and fibula is an example of a specific type of ____________________________ joint called a(n) _____________________________. These bones are held together by a(n) ___________________________________ ligament. Based on its degree of movement, this joint is classified as _______________________________

Answer 67

fibrous, syndesmosis, interosseous, amphiarthrotic

Question 68

The muscle of the posterior region of the lower leg that originates on the tibia and fibula and acts to plantar flex the foot is the ___________________

Answer 68

solues

Question 69

When classifying bones based on shape, all the bones of the leg as well as all the bones of the foot are classified as __________________ bones

Answer 69

long

Question 70

The muscle group of the lateral region of the lower leg that inserts on to tarsals and metatarsals and acts to evert the foot is the ______________________________ group.

Answer 70

fibularis or peroneus

Question 71

A special feature of the knee joint is the presence of discs of fibrocartilage called the lateral and medial __________________________

Answer 71

menisci

Question 72

A general term for the ridges on the surface of the brain is ______________________________ and a general term for the shallow grooves on the surface of the brain is _________________

Answer 72

convolutions or gyri, sulci

Question 73

The region of brainstem responsible for regulating respiratory rate and depth is the _________

Answer 73

pons

Question 74

The spinal accessory nerve exits the skull through the ______________________________

Answer 74

jugular foramen

Question 75

The _________________________________, a mass of tissue posterior to the brain stem, is responsible for integrating sensory information concerning body position and coordination of muscle activities. The white matter of this region is called the ______________________

Answer 75

cerbellum, arbor vitae

Question 76

A prominent depression called the _______________________ sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain while another prominent depression called the ___________________ sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

Answer 76

central, lateral

Question 77

The lobe of cerebrum responsible for vision and association areas involved with imaging is the _____________________________ lobe.

Answer 77

occipital

Question 78

The ______________________________________ connects the hemispheres of brain and allows neural signals to be transmitted from one hemisphere to the other.

Answer 78

corpus callosum

Question 79

The _________________________ branch of the ____________________________ nerve controls the masseter and temporalis muscles, both of which elevate the mandible

Answer 79

mandibular, trigenminal

Question 80

The thalamus, hypothalamus, optic tract, and pineal gland are all located in a region of the brain known as the ________________________________

Answer 80

diencephalon

Question 81

The _____________________________ fissure separates the hemispheres of the brain. The __________________________________ of the meninges fold into this fissure, partitioning the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres

Answer 81

longitudinal, falx cerebri

Question 82

The lobe of the cerebrum that contains the primary motor areas and association areas involved in higher thought processing (concentration, problem solving) is the ____________________ lobe.

Answer 82

frontal

Question 83

The _________________________________ is the part of the diencephalon that plays a particularly important in the maintenance of homeostasis by controlling, among other things, body temperature and the secretion of many hormones.

Answer 83

hypothalamus

Question 84

The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) exits the skull through the ________________________

Answer 84

stylomastoid foramen

Question 85

The __________________________ lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for the sensations of touch and temperature and contains association areas involved with speech and language

Answer 85

parietal

Question 86

The region of brainstem that contains reflex centers that help to maintain posture is the ________________________________

Answer 86

midbrain

Question 87

The __________________________________ is attached to the diencephalon by means of the infundibulum. This gland secretes hormones that are involved in such things as growth, milk production, control of thyroid function, and reproduction.

Answer 87

pituitary gland

Question 88

The _____________________________ fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. The __________________________________ of the meninges fold into this fissure, forming a partition between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.

Answer 88

transverse, tentorium cerebelli

Question 89

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve exits the skull through the _________________ ___________, enters the mandible through the _____________________ foramen on the medial side of the ramus and, then exits the mandible through the _______________________ foramen

Answer 89

foramen ovale, mandibular, mental

Question 90

The lobe of the cerebrum responsible for hearing and contains association areas involved with the interpretation of sensory information is the ______________________ lobe.

Answer 90

temporal

Question 91

The region of the brainstem that contains the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers is the ______________________________________

Answer 91

medulla oblongata

Question 92

The _____________________________ serves as a relay station for ascending neural impulses.

Answer 92

thalamus

Question 93

The ___________________________ nerve controls all muscles of facial expression

Answer 93

facial

Question 94

If a person suffers a spinal cord injury at the C6 level, that person will still be able to have some movement of his shoulders because the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and serratus anterior muscles are all controlled by the ________________ (cranial nerve XI). This nerve exits the skull through the ______________

Answer 94

spinal accessory nerve, jugular foramen

Question 95

The partition formed by meninges that separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum is called the _____________________________

Answer 95

falx cerebelli

Question 96

What type of neural fibers would be found in the dorsal root?

Answer 96

sensory

Question 97

What type of neural fibers would be found in the ventral root?

Answer 97

motor

Question 98

What type of neurons would be found in the gray matter?

Answer 98

interneurons

Question 99

Where are the major ascending and descending neural tracts located?

Answer 99

white matter

Question 100

List the five major components of a reflex arc in order.

Answer 100

Receptor, sensory (afferent) neuron, central nervous system, motor (efferent) neuron, effector (muscle or gland)

Question 101

Distinguish between a reflex and a reflex arc.

Answer 101

A reflex is an autonomic behavior; a reflex arc is a physical structure that, when stimulated, leads to the behavior

Question 102

The patellar reflex is an example of a monosynaptic spinal reflex. Explain.

Answer 102

There is no interneuron. The sensory neuron communicates directly with the motor neuron.

Question 103

Which muscle group is involved in the patellar tendon reflex?

Answer 103

quadriceps

Question 104

Which muscles are involved in the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon reflex?

Answer 104

Gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 105

Is the subject’s reflex time different for the two reflexes? If so, why does this difference exist?

Answer 105

Reflex arc is longer for calcaneal tendon reflex than for patellar tendon reflex.

Question 106

Does the subject’s reflex time change with different stimulus strengths? Why does it or doesn’t it

Answer 106

No. Once threshold is achieved the neural activities (action potential propagation, synaptic transmission) proceed at the same rate.

Question 107

A college wrestler is most successful in the middleweight class, but he’s afraid he won’t make weight for the next meet. His coach suggested that he take some diuretics just before the weigh in for the next meet. The wrestler performed poorly in the meet as he felt very weak and experienced some respiratory difficulty. The team physician noted the wrestler had a very slow patellar tendon reflex. The physician ordered a blood test, which showed low levels of potassium. Explain how this relates to the wrestler’s symptoms.

Answer 107

Low potassium would increase potassium leak, so neurons lose positive charge and hyperpolarize. They are now farther from threshold and a larger stimulus is required to reach threshold.