practice exam Flashcards by Sophie Lutz

The term psychogenic amnesia refers to

amnesia that is not directly caused by injury to the brain from trauma, stroke, disease

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Laboratory studies comparing memory performance of individuals with schizophrenia and normal controls find that unmedicated individuals with schizophrenia

have problems with working memory, episodic encoding and retrieval strategies

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Many patients with psychogenic amnesia also exhibit what is called “la belle indifference” which means

lack of concern about their condition

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Dissociative fugue involves loss of

personal identity and access to autobiographical memory

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One individual difference that increases the likelihood of developing PTSD after experiencing a trauma is

having a vivid visual imagery system

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Treatment of psychogenic amnesia focuses on

alleviating depression and reactivating “lost” memory

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The fundamental causes of psychogenic amnesias are

psychological problems and a history of brain injury

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In dissociative amnesia, individuals

have memory impairment only for a traumatic event

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In dissociative amnesia, individuals may have _____________ memory of a trauma, without having __________.

semantic; episodic memory for the events.

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Individuals with psychogenic amnesia often also suffer from ________________

depression.

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Very young children are particularly likely to be unreliable witnesses

if questioned in a leading way with approving and disapproving responses to their answers

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A simple technique to help witnesses remember more details of a crime is to

ask them to close their eyes and imagine the scene

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Researchers investigated the suggestibility of child witnesses by conducting and experiment in which some children were exposed to pre-event biasing information, some were exposed to suggestive post-event information, and a control group was exposed to neither. The event was a classroom visit by “Sam Stone.”
Researchers found that

Younger children were more influenced by biasing information than older children

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The cognitive interview, compared to routine police interviews of witnesses,

takes longer to conduct

produces recall of a larger number of accurate details

all of the alternatives are correct

produces recall of fewer inaccurate details

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Doubts about the ecological validity of much research in legal psychology reflect that

essentially all research is lab-based with students as subjects rather than field-based

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McCloskey and Zarogoza tested Loftus’ explanation of the misleading information effect in an experiment. They showed participants a slide show of a crime. Then subjects read misleading information or a control description. At test, some subjects were asked to recognize critical items that they had received misleading information about.

The researchers conclude misleading information does not impair memory for a prior event

The researchers replicated Loftus’ findings in one condition

The researchers found evidence supporting the co-existence hypothesis

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When suggestive questioning techniques are used, the individuals most susceptible to misinformation effects are

younger children and older adults

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Loftus’s studies involving the false memory induction procedure

demonstrated that about 25% of normal college students could be induced to believe in false memories, through use of repeated questioning and evidence from photographs or family testimony.

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A problem with leading questions in interviews of witnesses to crimes is that

the implications of the questions may be incorporated into the witnesses memories of the crime

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The cognitive interview is not effective with witnesses

who have mental disabilities or are also suspects in the crime

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When a child has witnessed a very stressful event

the risk of false memory and loss of detail is greater

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Training in the cognitive interview teaches detectives to

help the witness mentally reinstate the physical environment of of the crime

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Explicit false belief tasks, such as the Smarties task, begin to be “passed” by some children at age ________, and are passed by almost all typically developing children by age ___________.

four; five

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When human infants are born, the movements under voluntary control are

eye movements and sucking movements

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Evidence for semantic memory in infants comes from studies in which infants

Both alternatives are correct dishabituate (after habituation) to presentation of an example of a novel category, such as cats habituate to repeated presentation of members of one category, such as dogs

Rovee-Collier studied memory in the first few months of life using kicking as an operant response reinforced by ___________________

the bouncing of a mobile attached by a ribbon to the infants' foot

A common complaint of older adults, verified in laboratory tasks, is

difficulty finding words

Nelson recorded conversations between mothers and young children as they visited a natural history museum. She tested the children's memory for the visit a week later and found

children of elaborative mothers remembered more of the details of the visit than did children of directive mothers

Memory capacity and efficiency develop rapidly in children as

experience promotes neural and brain development all of the alternatives are correct language facilitates encoding of information the nervous system develops and matures

DeCasper and Spence contributed to understanding of infant memory by demonstrating

demonstrating the existence of auditory pattern learning in fetuses by testing neonates

Researchers studying memory of fetuses in the last weeks of pregnancy have used _______ as their dependent variable.

changes in heart rate

Conway's self-memory system probably begins to form as young children

begin to pass the mirror self-recognition test

The accuracy of judgments of learning in young students (kindergarten and first grade)

is as good as that of older students

The "use it or lose it" hypothesis suggests that

education and life-long learning are buffers against age related memory decline

Repetition priming for word memory means that

presentation of a word at an earlier time can affect word completion performance even if the word could not be recalled

Unlike H.M., Clive Wearing showed severe

retrograde amnesia

Anxious elderly individuals are often chronically medicated with drugs such as Xanax, Valium, Librium, Ativan, or Klonopin. This treatment

greatly increases the risk for memory impairment and dementia

Drugs that have anticholinergic effects

decrease the availability of acetylcholine, a neuromodulator and neurotransmitter critical for memory

Which areas of the brain are associated with anterograde amnesia?

the hippocampus

Repeated seizure activity from temporal lobe epilepsy

may cause memory impairment

Robin suffered a head injury that affected the perirhinal cortex and amygdala bilaterally. She is likely to have impairments in

visual recognition of people and objects

The "sporadic" form of Alzheimer's Disease

typically becomes symptomatic after age 60 or later

Damage to the mammillary bodies seems to

be sufficient to cause Korsakoff's syndrome

Semantic memory in retrograde amnesia is

often unaffected

Use of over the counter drugs for insomnia, overactive bladder, or vertigo

should be avoided by older adults because of the anticholinergic effects of the ingredients

The retrosplenal cortex is

located behind the corpus collosum involved in encoding and retrieval of contextual features of memories for events critical for semantic and episodic memory all of the alternatives are correct

Confabulation is a characteristic symptom of

frontal lobe amnesia

Korsakoff's Syndrome and Wernicke's encephalopathy

cause more serious motor problems than memory problems cannot be treated effectively are both caused by thiamine deficiency

Early onset familial Alzheimer's Disease

has identified genetic causes

Which of the techniques below is most effective in promoting long term retention of information or skill?

spacing study, review, self-testing or practice over many days or weeks before you must demonstrate the knowledge or skill

For students or other learners who have a great deal of knowledge about a subject area

study with review may be as effective as distributed testing in promoting long-term retention

This brain structure was (partially) removed from the patient known as HM, radically changing his ability to form new memories.

hippocampus

An experimental subject reads many sentences. One is: "The painter tried for days to mix pigment to capture the color of the ripening tomatoes." At test, the subject is presented with single words and asked to indicate if the word was in a sentence. If a subject indicates that "red" was in a sentence, this implies

The subject stored an inference, rather than the exact wording

In his book Remembering, Bartlett reported that subjects in his memory experiments for stories and arguments

changed passages by eliminating detail and substituting familiar ideas for unfamiliar ideas

Muller and Pilzecker introduced the term "consolidation" into memory when they observed that experimental subjects who _________ had better memory than those who did not.

rehearsed silently during learning or slept after learning

Aristotle believed that the bodily organ responsible for memory was

the heart

Given a list of 10 short rhyming words to remember and 10 short unrelated words, most people

will recall more of the unrelated words

Many contemporary cognitive psychologists suggest the capacity of working memory is generally

one to four chunks

The orienting system, in the Petersen & Posner model, includes

a ventral bottom up network important for disengaging attention from one location and shifting it to another all of the alternatives are correct two networks a dorsal top-down network that includes the parietal cortex and frontal eye fields

Impressive feats of working memory

depend on knowledge, strategy and extensive practice

Dr. Pinjon has research subjects read a long list of words silently, presented one at a time on a computer screen, while saying "the the the" until the list is finished. The repetition of "the" is known as ____________ and it serves as a ______________.

articulatory suppression; rehearsal prevention

The attentional system that enables a person or an animal to suppress a dominant response and select a subdominant response is

the executive control system

Articulatory suppression disrupts the primacy effect for recalling a list of words because

it uses the phonological loop so less capacity for rehearsing list items is available

Which of these is an example of a cognitive skill?

diagnosing engine problems

For skill performance to become automatic

it must have been practiced past the point of asymptotic performance

Patients with medial temporal lobe lesions can learn implicit memory tasks and new perceptual motor skills, but

do not remember that they have learned the tasks, even though they can perform them

A sequence of movements that can be performed automatically with minimal attention can be called

a motor program

The basal ganglia

initiate and inhibit the flow of motor, sensory, and emotional information through the thalamus

The ____________ plays an important role in acquisition and performance of __________

cerebellum; motor and cognitive skills

A human behavior is considered automatic if

it is almost always elicited by specific stimuli and can be executed with attentional capacity to spare

In an event based prospective memory task, an individual encodes doing the task

when a specific event occurs

Time based prospective memory tasks are most difficult when

the interval between encoding the task and performing the task is supposed to be longer

In a time based prospective memory task, a specified task is to be performed

after a specific interval of time has elapsed

Your roommate tells you, to take the bread out of the oven in 35 minutes. This is

a time based prospective memory task

You are sure you can recall the name of your high school physics teacher. You remember what she looked like, that her name started with "R" and that she called on students every time one fell asleep - but you can't quite find her name. This describes

a tip-of-the-tongue state

A study of prospective memory in children with ADHD found that

children with ADHD performed more poorly than controls on the primary task

A memory researcher has research participants skim a series of passages of academic material and rate the likelihood that they will remember the material from each, before they actually study the material. The researcher is asking the participants to

make ease of learning judgments

Inhibition refers to

a mechanism that actively interferes with and reduces the likelihood of recall of particular information.

If you are asked when you had your most recent cup of coffee

you are likely to remember the time and place of drinking the coffee as you retrieve the information from episodic memory

According to some psychologists, “remember” judgments are associated with ____ memory, and “know” judgments are associated with________ memory.

episodic; semantic

The term that means that brain damage (or an experimental variable) can affect one cognitive system, but leave another one intact is

dissociation

Organization leads to deeper levels of processing. In general, the kind of organization that leads to the best memory performance is

self-generated

State dependency effects and mood dependency effects

reflect encoding specificity

The ____________ _______ is that memory is better when we generate associations to ourselves than when we simply read about associations to other things.

self-reference effect

In the experiments by Craik and Tulving (1975), words were presented to subjects and different tasks or questions about the words (Is it in bold face? Does it rhyme with horse?) were used to

control the level of processing the words received

In a replication of their research with pre-school children's memory for interacting with the "incredible shrinking machine", Simcock & Hayne tested visual recognition memory and procedural memory in their return visits and found

children showed evidence of visual recognition memory and procedural memory even if they could not describe the objects and events when asked about the researchers first visit with the shrinking machine

Childhood amnesia or infantile amnesia refers to

the poor memory of adults for events from early childhood.

Conway argues that the working self includes active goals and self-images and that the working self uses autobiographical memory to maintain self-image, but is constrained by requirements of being

coherent and corresponding with reality

Conway suggests that autobiographical memory is organized in terms of

all of the alternatives are correct generalized event episodes specific personally experienced episodes life themes and life stages Flag question: Question 90

Zora remembers the details of where and what she was doing when she heard the news that Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans. This kind of memory is often referred to as a

flashbulb memory

The tendency of middle-aged and older adults to report more memories from teen and early adult year in response to memory probes is known as the

reminiscence bump

A behavioral difference between autobiographical memory and semantic memory is that

retrieval of autobiographical memories is much slower than retrieval of semantic memory

Bartlett argued that

schemas influence what is stored in memory and how information is recalled from memory

Which is an example of retrieval from lexical memory?

a person correctly uses a sentence with the word “incorrigible” in it.

Gender, ethnic, and racial stereotypes can be characterized as

schemas

A limitation of the Collins and Quillian model is that

category boundaries are often indistinct and idiosyncratic

Lexical memory is

a long-term memory system for the words in our languages.

Two psychologists who used the idea of schemas as organizing perception, action, and memory were

Bartlett and Piaget

The lexeme is the

level of representation that stores the phonology or sound of a word.

According to the Collins and Quillian model of memory, which sentence should be verified most rapidly?

Limes are green.

practice exam Flashcards

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