Practice Questions Flashcards by Krista Enos

A patient has blood work and other investigations done to identify the cause of their poisoning. The symptoms they present with do not match the expected toxidrome for the substance that caused their death. What is NOT a reason for a patient to present with almost none of the anticipated symptoms associated with the expected toxidrome for that drug class?

A. Additive effects
B. Brain damage
C. Conflicting symptoms due to polypharmacy
D. Delay in getting to the hospital means many symptoms have resolved

A. Additive effects might have an impact for trigger of symptoms. The other answers may suppress toxidrome symptoms. Additive effects may amplify effects. Additive effects may have the same symptoms but “worse”

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Which type of assay typically relies on historical and/or periodic data with respect to positive controls rather than having them run with each test or assay?

A. In chemico
B. In silico
C. In vitro
D. In vivo

3R’s for reducing the amount of animal testing done when the effect is well known

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Which of the following is used as a point of departure for calculating a human dose based on animal data?

A. ADI
B. BMD
C. RDA
D. TDI

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OECD 413 describes how to conduct inhalation toxicity testing in rats. How are the test animals best divided with respect to bronchiolar lavage and histopathology?

A. They are randomly divided into four equal sized groups (e.g., female histology, male lavage)
B. They are randomly divided into two equal sized groups (i.e., lavage, histology)
C. A crossover study design is used so that each rat gets both just at different times
D. Each rat gets both as the lungs are divided during necropsy

The left lung is used for histopathology, the right lung is used for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis

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Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and hydrochloric acid solutions when combined cause the release of chlorine gas. According to the data in pubchem, chlorine gas has a human inhalation 5-minute LCLo of 550 ppm. Hydrochloric acid as a 5-minute LCLo of 3000 ppm. Sodium hypochlorite does not have a reported LCLo or LC50 for inhalation in humans or rodents but is still reported to cause lung irritation and even pulmonary oedema when its fumes are inhaled. In addition to being a chemical reaction, what else is this release of chlorine gas an example of?

A. Additive effects
B. Antagonism
C. Potentiation
D. Synergism

both sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid are toxic but chlorine gas is more toxic than the two combined

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Antibiotic drug levels are monitored and managed to try and avoid toxicity and antibiotic resistance. Drug levels for medications given in multiple doses are described as peaks and troughs and their shapes and sizes are important with respect to determining both effective and toxic doses. What number is NOT going to be found on a curve for a single dose that plots concentration against time?

A. AUC
B. Cmax
C.Tmax
D. Vmax

Cmax = concentration max
Tmax = time max
AUC = area under the curve

All are found for a single dose

Vmax is the saturation point; how quickly the ligand is broken down and eliminated by an enzyme somewhere else making it unavailable for the receptor in an active form

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What type of product typically requires the least amount of testing and approval by regulators?

A. Additives to food
B. Biotechnological/biological products
C. Cosmetics
D. Drugs/pharmaceuticals

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OECD 442B covers how to perform the local lymph node assay. This can be done using an ELISA or flow-cytometry to measure the number of proliferating cells. Proliferating cells are identifiable because they uptake what compound?

A. Adenosine
B. BrdU
C. Congo Red
D. DNA

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Which of the following rates generally stays the same or even increases as people age from infancy to adulthood?

A. Breathing rate
B. Growth rate
C. Heart rate
D. Intestinal motility rate (i.e., hours it takes indigestible food (e.g., fiber) to pass through the intestines)

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Limit tests are used to reduce the number of animals needed for acute toxicity testing. What is the smallest number of animals that have to die before a limit test is stopped and the main test is started?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 5
D. 10

Single animals are dosed in sequence at 48 h intervals. If animal dies directly, start the main test to find the LD50

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Putting parrotfish on your plate can cause paresthesia as part of ciguatera poisoning. Parathesia is also associated with what kind of pesticide?

A. Paraquat and other quaternary ammonium herbicides
B. Parathion and other organophosphate insecticides
C. Permethrin and other pyrethroid insecticides
D. Piperonyl butoxide and other potentiating agents

pyrethroid insecticide, with sensation lasting up to 24 hours

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Young children drink more than adults. But they are also more susceptible to water-based contaminants than adults. What chemical is known for causing blue baby syndrome due to its ability to cause methemoglobinemia?

A. Arsenic in drinking water
B. Benzene in drinking water
C. Chromium (hexavalent) in drinking water
D. Drinking water contaminated with nitrate

When nitrate becomes too high in drinking water, particularly well water contaminated with nitrogen rich fertilizers, it can be formed into nitrite by bacteria in the saliva and gut. Then that nitrite can turn hemoglobin into methemoglobin. Since methemoglobin is not nearly as effective as hemoglobin with respect to moving oxygen around to tissues, low oxygen levels causes the blood, and in severe cases particularly with pale babies, the whole body to turn blue

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The 2022 DABT Exam Handbook recommends knowing how to select a relevant species for testing. Several species are recommended by the OECD for use in ecotoxicology testing. What do water fleas, earthworms, and minnows have in common?

A. They all have vertebrae
B. They are all invertebrates
C. They are all form a critical part at the top of their respective food chains
D. They all form a critical part near the base of their respective food chains

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ICH M7 is not intended to be applied retrospectively to already approved products but is meant to be applied to products being developed. What would require reassessment of the potential risk of mutagenic impurities for an approved drug?

A. Altering the route of synthesis
B. Buying a raw material from a new supplier
C. Changing the manufacturing site
D. Demonstrating the purity, potency, and identity of the API remains the same

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A. Altering the route of synthesis
B. Buying a raw material from a new supplier
C. Changing the manufacturing site
D. Demonstrating the purity, potency, and identity of the API remains the same

considering a new supplier would only be able to sell raw material such as API excipients etc. if the material is properly characterized and there are no mutagenic impurities and/or they are controlled below TTC (if any)

if it can be established that the new supplier also uses the same route of synthesis as of an already approved product, reassessment not required.

changing the manufacturing site would also not require reassessment as long as starting material, route of synthesis, reagents, solvents, or process conditions etc. have not changed significantly

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What is true about placebos with respect to clinical trials?

A. They are always required in a study even to determine equivalence
B. They are always the only treatment given to a patient in that treatment arm
C. They never demonstrate any efficacy with respect to the patients receiving no treatment for any condition
D. They never include an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)

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Which of the following is a well-known hapten that causes occupationally acquired hypersensitivity?

A. Asbestos
B. Beryllium
C. Colchicine
D. Diphenhydramine

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Which are the correct modes of action respectively for the following drugs that all interact with the opioid receptor; methadone, buprenorphine, and naloxone?

A. Antagonist, full agonist, partial agonist
B. Full agonist, partial agonist, antagonist
C. Partial agonist, full agonist, antagonist
D. Partial agonist, antagonist, full agonist

Methadone and buprenorphine are both used for medication-assisted treatment (MAT) to help reduce the harm associated with opioid addiction. Methadone acts as a full agonist of the opioid receptor. Buprenorphine acts as a partial agonist. Their use is tightly controlled. In contrast, naloxone is an antagonist of the opioid receptor and is used as an antidote to reverse the often fatal respiratory depression associated with opioid overdose. Because naloxone dose not cause the high associated with agonists of the mu opioid receptor it has been made much more widely available than methadone or buprenorphine.

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What cardiac toxicity has been a major cause of pharmaceuticals being removed from the market?

A. QSAR
B. Q Slope
C. QT Prolongation
D. Quiescent cell cycle

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Haber’s law can be used to describe how some gasses (e.g., hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide) can be rapidly incapacitating at relatively low concentrations while others take much higher concentrations to do the same because they are much less toxic. At the far end of this is nitrogen, which for mammals, can be considered biologically inert. What concentration does nitrogen have to reach in a room before it can rapidly incapacitat and eventually kill and otherwise healthy person?

Nitrogen makes up roughly 78% of normal air. Oxygen makes up around 20%. If the oxygen % falls below 10%, it can be deadly. Nitrogen gas causes death through a process called nitrogen asphyxiation” via the odorless, colorless, and tasteless gas. If the oxygen concentration is reduced by 10%, the condition is serious.

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The EPA provides guidance on how to sample for toxicants in the environment and describes several different sampling tehcniques paying particular attention to their benefits, costs, and limitations. One of the more efficient methods when dealing with incomplete data about the source of contamination is the adaptive cluster sampling method. Which of the answers below shows this type of sampling?

A. scattered
B. clumpy and scattered
C. clumped
D. grid

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Activating mutations in what gene(s) may result in early onset of cancer?

A. Apoptosis genes
B. DNA repair genes
C. Oncogenes
D. Tumor suppressor genes

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OECD 405 covers in vivo eye irritation testing. It is only to be conducted if the chemical/mixture cannot be classified as either GHS category 1 or 2. What is true about this classification?

A. Category 1 is fully reversible within 21 days
B. Category 1 is not fully reversible within 21 days
C. Category 2 is not fully reversible withing 21 days
D. Category 3 is the most ever category for eye damage/irritation

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OECD 405 describes how to conduct in vivo eye irritancy test. What is used for clinical obersvation and grading of eye reactions?

A. Ethidium bromide staining and a fluroescent microscope
B. Fluroscein staining and a slit lamp biomicroscope
C. Oil red o staining and a dissecting microscope
D. Ponceau S staining and a magnifying glass

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Capsaicin and related compounds have been used to disperse crowds and protestors. The burning sensation they cause can continue for minutes to as much as an hour after people leave the scene. Per pubchem, Capsaicin has a logP of 3.6 while o-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile has a logP of 2.3. Given this information, what is true about the use of water to remove these irritants? A. Creams and gels will work better than liquids at removing these compounds B. Detergent and water solutions will work better than water at removing these compounds C. Water will work better at removing capsaicin than o-chlorobenzylidene malontrile D. water will work better than a water detergent solution at removing these compounds

B A logP of 3 means 1,000 molecules in oil to 1 in water. A logP of 2 means 100 molecules in oil to 1 in water. The difference between 99% and 99.9%

Different agencies (e.g, OSHA, NIOSH, ECHA) provide OELs for chemicals. In these cases, what does OEL stand for? A. Observed Effect Level B. Oncological Equivalent Level C. Occupational Exposure Limit D. Organismal Effect Limit

Thalidomide was brought back as a drug after being initially removed from the market due to its teratogenic effects (e.g., phocomelia). What is true about the steps that were taken before it was allowed back into clinical trials? A. All patients were required to have a negative pregnancy test before receiving thalidomide B. blood donation was forbidden while taking the medication and for a month after treatment stopped C. Condoms weren't required for men receiving thalidomide as long as they had had a vasectomy D. druglevels had to be monitored to avoid birth defects

Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist that can reverse potentially fatal respiratory depression. Unlike with benzodiazepines where the withdrawal can be fatal, opioid withdrawal is far less dangerous. So why is it that toxicologists tend to recommend giving just enough nalaxone to restore breathing but not necessarily enough to overcome sedation? A. Aspiration is a greater risk if they're fully awake B. Beds are always plentiful so there's no advantage to waking the up sooner C. Constipation is a likely effect if an opioid is removed from too many receptors D. Dangerous behavior can result in polypharmacy is present and sedation is removed suddenly

ICH M3(R2) refers to limit doses for a number of different types of studies. What is the main goal of limit doses? A. To avoid large fold-differences between doses given to test animals B. To avoid testing animals with doses that would not add value to predictig clinical safety C. To avoid testing any animals D. To identify the lower limist of a toxic effect (e.g., LOAEL, NOAEL)

An injectable general anesthetic is being developed for both short-term and long-term use. What type of normally required study can be modified and partially replaced with data from a similar compound due to technical difficulties? A. Ames mutagenicity study B. Blood protein (e.g., albumin) binding study C. Chronic toxicity study at a MTD D. DART study where mating behavior is being evaluated

Which of the following is an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation that has been used for weight loss but that can cause potentially fatal hyperthermia? A. 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) B. DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) C. Ortho-fluorofentanyl (N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-[1=(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl])propenamide) D. PCB-105 (2,3,3',4,4'-pentachlorobiphenyl)

A case study where over 100 people were sickened when they ate salad due to the unintentional additon of a toxicant. The patients sufferend dry-mouth, fever, and in some cases, even became delirious. What was the likely cause? A. .Anticholinergic effects due to a Datura species (e.g., Jimsonweed) being present in the field and getting harvested along with the spinach B. Beets high in nitrate caused methemoglobinemia and related symptoms C. Cholinergic effects due to the crops being harvested too soon after the fields were sprayed with a cholinesterase inhibiting insecticide (e.g., chlorpyrifos) D. Diuretic effects due to a Chimaphila species (e.g., Pipsissewa) was being present in the field and getting harvested along with the spinach

A patient's urine contains significant amounts of albumin. What has likely happened to their kidneys? A. dehydration B. glomerulus has been damaged C. nothing this is perfectly normal D. proximal tubule was been damaged

A rodent NOAEL dose was 1.1 mg/kg and an uncertainty factor of 100 was applied to get a human dose. What was that dose? A. 1.1 ug/kg B. 11 ug/kg C. 110 ug/kg D. 110 g/kg

The EPA 1998 Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment describes cascading effects. What would be a secondary effect? A. Herbicide evaporates and travels to neighboring field killing crops B. Herbicide runs off field and kills off pond plants C. Herbicide kills off pond plants and ducks lose feeding habitat D. Herbicide gets in applicators eyes and causes serious irritation

What carcinogenic mineral used to be the main ingredient in one kind of fake snow? A. asbestos B. boric acid C. chlorpyrifos D. diatomaceous earth

Alternative methods are being explored to study developmental toxicity without having to dose pregnant animals and follow them through development. What is the simplest terms of biological organization as well as being the most limited in terms of endpoints of the models listed below? A. African clawed frog (Xenopus leavis larvae) B. Bud limb Mus musculus (Mouse) embryonic mesenchymal cells C. Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode) larvae D. Danio rerio (Zebrafish) embryos

A patient starts taking many times the recommended amount of their medication. This drug has more than one effect but is type of analgesic. The patient goes to the hospital and reports their symptoms. What of the following drug and symptom combinations are most likely to be matched? A. Aspirin and acute kidney failure and bloody urine B. Bleeding and metabolic acidosis while taking acetaminophen (aka paracetamol) C. Codeine and respiratory depression and sleepiness D. Diethylene glycol and icterus (i.e., jaundice) and high liver enzyme levels (e.g., ALT, AST)

What ocular condition has been associated with acute exposure to naphthalene?

Cataract

What type of radiation has the highest linear energy transfer (LET)?

Alpha particles

The US FDA has been asked by some to remove from the market sunscreens containing the active ingredient octocrylene. What is the suspected carcinogen that it may contain?

Benzophenone Benzophenone is formed when octocrylene breaks down. Octocrylene now makes up a significant percentage of sunscreens in the market as it was used to replace octinoxate after the Hawaii ban.

Which nonclinical species has a choclea of similar size, structure and auditory sensitivity as the human cochlea and has been used in auditory toxicology experiments?

Chincilla

What marine bio toxin is responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning?

Domoic acid

What is the toxic substance found in betel nuts?

Arecoline

The TD1/ED99 is known as what?

Margin of Safety

What is the name of the process by which cells are ingested or engulfed by other cells?

Phagocytosis

What is the treatment used after the ingestion of large amounts of Nerium oleander?

Digibind

What toxin can this rough-skinned newt exude from its skin?

Tetrodotoxin

Equine leukoencephalomalacia is caused by eating what food? What is the mycotoxin it contains?

Moldy corn Fumonisin b1

Cumulative exposure to what flavoring agent used in microwave popcorn has been associated with increased airflow obstruction in workers in manufacturing factories?

Diacetyl

What gene therapy was administered to a human in vivo for the first time last year to a patient with Leber congenital amaurosis type 10 (LCA10)?

EDIT-101 or CRISPR-CAS9

What is the duration of action of glypizide?

12-24 hrs

What bone marrow disorder is associated with benzene exposure?

leukemia

What hormone identified in a recent study was found to suppress food intake and increase a feeling of fullness?

Leptin or Lipocalin-2

What alkaloid found in the green part of potatoes can cause illness if consumed in large quantities?

Solanine

What are the two toxic chemicals used in mothballs in the United States?

Napthalene and paradichlorobenzene

What is the term used to describe the result when two organophosphate insecticides are absorbed into an organism?

Additive effect

This mushroom was picked in the woods and eaten for dinner last night. It has been touted to aid in cognitive function, gastritis, anxiety, and depression, among other conditions. What are both its common and scientific names? (White and hairy looking, almost looks like bleached coral)

Herculum americanum Lion's Mane

What type of food poisoning can be caused by eating the meat of marine turtles?

Chelonitoxism

Toxic injury to the cell body, axon, and surrounding Schwann cells of peripheral nerves are referred to, respectively, as what?

Neuronopathy, Axonopathy, and Myelinopathy

What are the four routes of exposure by which contaminants can enter the body?

Inhalation, Dermal, Ingestion, and Intravenous

Scientists have divided coronaviruses into subgroupings. How many are there and whater they called?

Alpha coronaviruses 229E and NL63 Beta coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1

What is the metabolite responsible for the hepatotoxicity of APAP?

N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) NAPQI produced by CYP2E1, 1A2, and 3A4. Toxic in the liver partly due to GSH depletion and formation of prtein adducts in centilobular hepatocytes.

What bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant makes it unwise to share chocolate with your pets?

theobromine

What alkaloidal mycotoxin causes excessive salivation in animals?

Slaframine

What industrial toxic chemical was found in laboratory testing of the cheese powder in some varieties of boxed macaroni and cheese products?

Phthalates

What species of mason bee has been used as an alternative pollinator for fruit trees in Japan since the 1930s?

Hornfaced bee

Which chelating agent is used to treat thallium toxicity?

Prussian blue

From what plant is ricin derived?

Seeds of castor oil plant, ricinus communis

What type of horse feed are Blister beetles often found in and what toxin do they release?

Alfalfa Cantharidin

What are the two anti-nerve agent drugs and their doses in a Mark I kit?

Atropine sulfate and pralidoxime chloride

At what level of exposure to hydrogen sulfide does olfactory paralysis typically appear?

100-250ppm or 140 mg/m3

Which aflatoxin is most toxic to humans when ingested?

What are the four types of poisoning that can occur after eating contaminated clams?

paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, diarrheal shellfish poisoning, and amnesic shellfish poisoning

Name two anticonvulsants that exhibit no protein binding.

Gabapentin and pregabalin

In North Carolina, a man is accused of killing his wife with eyedrops. What is the ingredient in the drops responsible for her demise?

What is contained in a Cyanokit and used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning?

hydroxocobalamin detoxifies cyanide through the irreversible formation of caynocobalamin

What eye condition can be caused by long-term use of glucocorticoids?

glaucoma??

What is the toxic substance found in the leaves of the plant Catha edulis?

Cathinone

What are three different enzymes used by the body to convert alcohol to acetaldehyde?

Catalase, alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 2E1

Amaryllis contains a toxin that can be toxic to cats, especially if they ingest large amounts of its bulb. What is the toxin?

lycorine

In 1986, a limnic eruption killed 1746 people. Where was this eruption and what toxic gas was released?

Lake Nyos in Cameroon, CO2 gas

What sympathomimetic substance is found in the Ma Huang plant?

Ephedrine/Ephedra

Who discovered the incsecticidal properties of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and when?

Paul Meuller, 1939

What bacterium spread by fleas killed 25 million people in 14th century Europe? Bonus: what was the name of the deadly disease?

Yersinia Pestis, Black Death

What is the most commonly used aminoglycoside?

Gentamicin

What is the name of the world’s most poisonous starfish that can have as many as 21 arms?

Ancathaster planci, Crown of horn Starfish

What area of the nephron does active secretion take place in?

PCT

What is the name for the dose at which a toxic effect is first encountered?

LOAEL

What chemical is common in vaping juice and also causes popcorn lung?

diacetyl

What is the main adverse effect of tetracycline on a developing fetus?

Depression of bones and dental enamel growth

What new drug did the US FDA just approve for use in treating drug-resistant tuberculosis?

Pretomanid Tablets in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid

Which aflatoxin is the most toxicologically potent and commonly occurs in produce?

Aflatoxin B1

What has soft-tissue calcification in cattle been attributed to?

What chelating agent is used to treat acute iron poisoning?

Deferoxamine

What is the most dangerous radioactive isotope?

Polonium-210

What insect feeds on blood, often biting sleeping humans around the mouth and eyes? What is the name of the disease caused when the insect then transmits a parasite via defecation?

Kissing bugs Triatomines 😎 Chagas Disease - trypanosomi Cruzi ❤️

Of animals tested, what animal species is most sensitive to abrin and ricin poisoning?

Horses are most sensitive to the toxic effects of ricin. Sheep, cattle and pigs are more resistant. Ducks & hens are most resistant to the effects of ricin exposure. Abrin has similar profile and sensitivities as Ricin ? (Not sure)

What is the standard treatment for heparin overdose?

Protamine sulphate

What is used to treat toxic levels of opiods?

Naloxone

Kim et al conducted a review of treatments with respect towards efficacy for post-herpetic neuropathy. Some of the treatments have concerning toxicities. For example, the AE stands for anti-epileptics. When a patient stops taking an anti-epileptic abruptly, they can suffer withdrawal symptoms that can in severe cases result in seizures. Based on the 95% confidence interval what is shown about the significance of the different treatments with respect to pain six months after treatments as shown in figure C? A. Everything from AV + AE-sgLS to AE was significantly more effective than control B. AV + AE-cLSO and AV + AE-pv were significantly more effective than control C. AV + AE-pv was significantly more effective than control D. No treatments were significantly more effective than control

C All other doses have the CI overlap 0

Based on in vitro assays, many pesticides (e.g., deltamethrin) are expected to be hepatotoxic at high enough concentrations. However, looking at this endpoint from a systems biology perspective makes the predicted hepatotoxicity of many of these compounds moot and not biologically relevant. Why is that? A. Acidosis would cause death long before liver damage could occur B. Bone damage would cause death long before liver damage could occur C. CNS effects (e.g., seizures) would cause death long before liver damage could occur D. DNA damage and cancers would cause death long before liver damage could occur

The NTP tested vinpocetine in rats. The initial dose finding study used the doses 0, 20, 40 80, 160, and 320 mg/kg. Reduction in maternal feed consumption was seen at doses 40, 80, 160, and 320 mg/kg. All doses showed significant treatment-related post-implantation loss. Except for one dam, there was total litter resorption at doses 80 mg/kg and above. A follow-up study was conducted with lower doses of 0, 5, 20, and 60 mg/kg. Maternal and fetal effects were seen at doses 20 mg/kg and above. Taken together, what would be the NOAEL and LOAEL respectively? A. 0 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg B. 0 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg C. 5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg D. 5 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg

What species is commonly used for both embryology and ecotoxicology studies such as OECD 203 acute fish toxicity test because of its clear eggs and conventiently small size? A. Almindelig bars, European Sea Bass) Dicentracrchus labrax B. (Bluegill) Lepomis macrochirus C. Carcharodon carcharias (Great White Shark) D. Danio rerio (Zebrafrish)

Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) is a major cause of delayed type hpersenstivity reactions. As such, people often try and remove it from residential areas. What way is NOT a recommended means of removal? A. Adding herbicide as poison ivy is completely resistant to all of them B. Burning the plants as it cause cause a potential lethal allergic reaction iside the lungs if the uroshiol is inhaled C. Cutting the vines carefull and composting them as even bacteria cannot break down uroshiol and it can be spread in the garden D. Deploying goats as they are even more sensitive to poison ivy than poeple

Regulatory bodies allow heuristics to be applied to help solve problems with respect to classifying products, materials, and their potential toxicities. Heuristics generally allowed and recommended when what type of information is acceptable? A. Absolute values B. Applicable to every case (i.e., universally true) values C. Approximate values D. Arbitrary values

ICH M3 (R2) gives guidance on nonclinical safety studies for the conduct of human clinical trials and marketing authorization for pharmaceuticals. In vitro target/receptor profiling is included among the recommended non-clinical studies to support exploratory clinical trials. What is the main purpose given for this kind of profiling? A. Carcinogenicity B. General toxicity C. Genotoxicity D. Pharmacology

Hang sanitizers became high profile during the pandemic. The FDA updated its monograph declaring many hand sanitizer ingredients to no longer be considered GRASE. What is the difference between something that is considered GRAS and something that is considered GRASE? A. GRAS determinations can only be made by regulatory evaluators, but GRASE determinations can be made by both regulatory and non-regulatory evaluators B. GRAS determinations can be made for products intended to be used by both pediatric and adult populations, but only GRASE determinations apply to products intended to be used by pediatric, adult, and elderly populations C. GRAS determinations apply to the safety of the ingredient, but only GRASE determinations apply to both the safety and the efficacy of the ingredient D. GRAS determinations are made withtout consideration of financial cost, but GRASE determinations take into account the economics of an ingredient/product.

Although not legally binding like the OSHA PELs, NIOSH provides its own allowable levels for chemical exposures in the workplace. Based on the information provided below, which of the chemicals below is known to rapidly incapacitate individuals and occasionally even cause occupational fatalities? A. Acetone IDLH 2500 ppm, REL 250 ppm TWA B. Ammonia IDLH 300 ppm, REL 25 ppm TWA C. Ethanol IDLH 3300 ppm, REL 1000 ppm TWA D. Hydrogen sulfide IDLH 100 ppm, REL 10 minute ceiling 10 ppm