Practicum 1 Flashcards
1
Q
A
Cocci bacteria (spherical prokaryotes) Colorized SEM of Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria cause skin and wound infections, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome.
2
Q
coccus (pl., cocci)
A
A bacterium with a spherical shape. Compare with bacillus, spirillum, vibrio, and spirochete.
3
Q
bacillus (pl., bacilli)
A
A rod-shaped bacterium. Compare with coccus, spirillum, vibrio, and spirochete.
4
Q
spirochete
A
A long, flexible, helical bacterium. Compare with spirillum, vibrio, bacillus, and coccus.
5
Q
spirillum (pl., spirilla)
A
A long, rigid, helical bacterium. Compare with spirochete, vibrio, bacillus, and coccus.
6
Q
vibrio.
A
A spirillum (spiral-shaped bacterium) that is shaped like a comma. Compare with spirillum, spirochete, bacillus, and coccus.
6
Q
Capsule or slime layer
A
(1) The portion of the moss sporophyte that contains spores. (2) A simple, dry, dehiscent fruit that develops from two or more fused carpels and opens along many sutures or pores to release seeds. (3) A gelatinous coat that surrounds some bacteria.
6
Q
Pili (sing., pilus)
A
Hairlike structures on the surface of many bacteria; function in conjugation or attachment.
7
Q
fimbriae (sing., fi mbria).
A
Hairlike structures that project from the cell surface of some prokaryotes; help bacteria to adhere to one another and to attach to the surfaces of cells they infect.
8
Q
Plasmids
A
Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries genes separate from those in the main DNA of a cell.
9
Q
Binary fission
A
Equal division of a prokaryotic cell into two; a type of asexual reproduction.
9
Q
Budding
A
Asexual reproduction in which a small part of the parent’s body separates from the rest and develops into a new individual; characteristic of yeasts and certain other organisms.
10
Q
Conjugation
A
(1) A sexual process in ciliate protists that involves exchange of haploid nuclei with another cell. (2) A mechanism for DNA exchange in bacteria that involves cellto-cell contact.
11
Q
Sex pili
A
long, hairlike extensions that project from the cell surface.
12
Q
Autotrophs
A
An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic raw materials; also called producer or primary producer. Compare with heterotroph. See chemoautotroph and photoautotroph.
13
Q
Heterotrophs
A
An organism that cannot synthesize its own food from inorganic raw materials and therefore must obtain energy and body-building materials from other organisms. Also called consumer. Compare with autotroph. See chemoheterotroph and photoheterotroph.
13
Q
Chemotrophs
A
Organism that uses organic compounds or inorganic substances, such as iron, nitrate, ammonia, or sulfur, as sources of energy. Compare with phototroph. See chemoautotroph and chemoheterotroph.
13
Q
Phototrophs
A
Organism that uses light as a source of energy. Compare with chemotroph. See photoautotroph and photoheterotroph.
14
Q
Photoautotrophs
A
An organism that obtains energy from light and synthesizes organic compounds from inorganic raw materials; includes plants, algae, and some bacteria. Compare with photoheterotroph, chemoautotroph, and chemoheterotroph.
15
Q
Chemoautotrophs
A
Organism that obtains energy from inorganic compounds and synthesizes organic compounds from inorganic raw materials; includes some bacteria and many archaea. Compare with photoautotroph, photoheterotroph, and chemoheterotroph.
16
Q
Photoheterotrophs
A
An organism that can carry out photosynthesis to obtain energy but cannot fix carbon dioxide and therefore requires organic compounds as a carbon source; includes some bacteria and archaea. Compare with photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, and chemoheterotroph.
17
Q
Chemoheterotrophs
A
Organism that uses organic compounds as a source of energy and carbon; includes animals, fungi, many bacteria, and a few archaea. Compare with photoautotroph, photoheterotroph, and chemoautotroph.
18
Q
Decomposers
A
Microbial heterotrophs that break down dead organic material and use the decomposition products as a source of energy. Also called saprotrophs or saprobes.
19
Q
Aerobic
A
Growing or metabolizing only in the presence of molecular oxygen. Compare with anaerobic.
20
facultative anaerobes
An organism capable of carrying out aerobic respiration but able to switch to fermentation when oxygen is unavailable, e.g., yeast. Compare with obligate anaerobe.
21
Obligate anaerobes
Bacteria that carry out anaerobic respiration; they respire with terminal electron acceptors other than oxygen. (sulfate, nitrate, or iron)
22
Nitrogen fixation
The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by certain bacteria; part of the nitrogen cycle.
23
Crenarchaeota
Consists mainly of extreme thermophiles, archaea that are require a very high temperature or very low temperature for growth.
24
Euryarchaeota
Include many archaea that exhibit extreme environments.
25
Methanogens
a large, diverse group that inhabit oxygen-free environments in sewage, swamps, and the digestive tracts of humans and other animals. They are obligate anaerobes that produce methane gas from simple carbon compounds.
26
Extreme halophiles
heterotrophs that require large amounts of Na+ for their growth. They live in saturated brine solutions such as salt ponds, the Dead Sea, and Great Salt Lake.
27
Nanoarchaeum
a very small (400 nm) anaerobic, extreme thermophile that is now classifi ed as a euryarchaeote.
28
Rickettsias
very small, rod-shaped bacteria.
28
enterobacteria
decomposers that live on decaying plant matter, pathogens, and a variety of bacteria that inhabit humans.
28
Vibrios
Vibrios are mainly marine; some are bioluminescent. Vibrio cholerae causes cholera.
28
Pseudomonads
heterotrophs that produce nonphotosynthetic pigments; cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.
29
Purple sulfur bacteria
Purple sulfur bacteria are photoautotrophs that do not produce oxygen
30
myxobacteria
\*(slime bacteria), which secrete slime and glide or creep along.
31
Cyanobacteria
Prokaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms that possess chlorophyll and produce oxygen during photosynthesis.
32
Actinomycetes
Superficially resemble fungi. Contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls, lack nuclear envelopes, have other prokaryotic characteristics.
33
Lactic acid bacteria
ferment sugar, producing lactic acid as the main end product. Inhabit decomposing plant material, milk, and other dairy products; responsible for the characteristic taste of yogurt, pickles, sauerkraut, and green olives. Among the normal inhabitants of the human mouth and vagina.
34
Mycobacteria
slender, irregular rods; contain a waxy substance in their cell walls. One species causes tuberculosis; another causes leprosy.
35
Streptococci
inhabit the mouth and digestive tract of humans and some other animals. Among the harmful species are those that cause “strep throat,” dental caries, a form of pneumonia, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever (see chapter opener).
36
Clostridia
anaerobic. One species causes tetanus; another causes gas gangrene. Clostridium botulinum can cause botulism, an often fatal type of food poisoning
37
mycoplasmas
are a group of very small bacteria that lack cell walls. They may have evolved from bacteria with gram-positive cell walls. They inhabit soil and sewage; some are parasitic on plants or animals. Some inhabit human mucous membranes but do not generally cause disease; one species causes a mild type of bacterial pneumonia in humans.
38
Chlamydias
lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They are energy parasites, completely dependent on their hosts for ATP. Infect almost every species of bird and mammal. A strain of Chlamydia causes trachoma, the leading cause of blindness in the world. Sexually transmitted chlamydias are the major cause of pelvic infl ammatory disease (PID) in women.
39
symbiosis.
An intimate relationship between two or more organisms of different species. See commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism.
40
symbionts
The partners in a symbiotic relationship are called symbionts.
41
parasite
A heterotrophic organism that obtains nourishment from the living tissue of another organism (the host).
42
Biofilms
An irregular layer of microorganisms embedded in the slime they secrete and concentrated at a solid or liquid surface.
43
bioremediation
A method to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses microorganisms to break down toxic pollutants, or plants to selectively accumulate toxins.
44
microbiota
(also referred to as microflora)—harmless symbiotic prokaryotes.
45
Exotoxins
A poisonous substance released by certain bacteria. Compare with endotoxin.
46
Endotoxins
A poisonous substance in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. Compare with exotoxin.
47
vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or VRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA), referred to as MRSA, and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or VRSA, have been directly linked to the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes by plasmids during conjugation
48
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA), referred to as MRSA,
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA), referred to as MRSA, and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or VRSA, have been directly linked to the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes by plasmids during conjugation.
49
Spirochetes
spiral-shaped bacteria with fl exible cell walls; move by means of unique internal fl agella called axial fi laments. Some species are free-living, whereas others form symbiotic associations; a few are parasitic. The spirochete of greatest medical importance is Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis.
50
Spirochete baceria. Colorized SEM of *Borrelia burgdorfer*i. These spirochetes cause Lyme disease, transmitted by infected ticks.
51
Bacilli bacteria Colorized SEM of *Salmonella*. These bacilli cause food poisoning.
52
Prokaryote
mixed bacteria
look for 3 morphologies.
mycelium
coccusclusters
53
mixed archaea
53
What is the grouping of the cell?
Prokarote
bacteria
Gram positive
Staphylococcus
*S. Aureus*
Coccus shape
normally live in the nose & on the skin. opportunistic pathogens that cause disease when the immunity of the host is low.
may cause toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, causes boils and skn infections
54
What is the grouping of the cells?
Prokaryote
bacteria
Gram positive
Streptococcus
Coccus clusters
Strepto=round chain connection
coccus= shape round
inhabit the mouth & digestive tract of hulmans/animals. some may cause strep throat, dental caries, scarlet fever, form of pneumonia, rheumatic fever
55
Prokaryote
ProteobacteriA
gram negative
Gamma Proteobacteria
E. coli
Colonies on blood agar
56
Prokaryote
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
gram-negative
*Anabaena*
a filamentous cyanobacterium that fixes nitrogen
57
Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria (gram negative)
Oscillatoria (fillaments)
58
Prokaryote
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
gram negative
*Gloeocapsa*
59
prokaryote
bacteria
Cyanobacteria
gram negative
Spirulina
protein supplement found in food
60
prokaryote
bacteria
Cyanobacteria
* gram negative*
* Microystis*
can make toxins that contaminate water supplies.
61
prokaryote
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
gram negative
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Legume nodule cross section
swollen plant cells with pink or gray stained bacteria inside. those are the mutualistic, endosymbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria(genus Rhizobium)
62
1. What structure does there name refer to?
2. why is this group worthwhile learning about?
3. what cell structure does this name refer to?
4. what makes this group special versus most other eukaryotes?
5. How do they move?
6. How do they get their nutrition?
7. Why do they seem to watch you?
8. what can they do to u and how do you get it?
Eukaryote
Protists
Supergroup:
1. Excavata= deep or excavated oral groove (4 feeding)
3. P: Diplomonada= diplomonads, refers to the 2 nuclei
* Giardia*
parasitic diplomonad
2. may have possesed mitochondria los/reduced threw time
4. unlike other protists excavates have atypical mitochondria.
5. 8 flagella used for swimming
6. eat food going threw the digestive systems
7. their 2 nuclei look like eyes
8. this organism is a pathogen giardia intestinaalis major cause of water borne diarrhea.
63
1. what structure does this name refer to?
2. what can you get from them and how do u get it?
3. what ecological role does it play?
4. what does "trich" mean?
Eukaryote
Protists
Supergroup: 1.Excavata= deep or excavated oral groove (4 feeding)
1. P:Parabasalidsa=parabasalids refers to specialized organelle that is intimately associated w/ basal bodies in the phylum.
3. trichonympha
3. lives on the guts of wood eating temites and cockroaches (mutualistic relationship).
Have 100s of flagella. 4. hair
pathogen
2. Trichomonas (no lab ex) trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis curable sexual transmitted disease
64
1. what structure does this name refer to?
2. what flagella structure is also unusual?
3. How do they get their nutrition?
4. what process did some of these use to become green?
5. what method of movement do they use?
eukaryotic Protsts
Excavates
subgroup of excavates= Discicristates
P: Euglenoids
* (1) Euglenids eg: Euglena, cell elongate, green in color*
2. characterizd by unusualflagellum; in addition to the 9+2 arrangement have a crystalline rod in their flagella, function unknown generlly have 2 flagella 1 long and 1 short doesn'textend outside cell.
3. Autotrophic,some photosynthetic euglenoids lose chlorophyll and obtain nutrients heterotrophically by ingesting organic matter. or phagocytosis
Asexual reproduction by longitudinal cell division starting from the front end of the cell
4. photosynthesis
5. pellicle is flexible and helps it changes shape easily eyespot may shield light detectr at at the base of flagellum helping it move to the light of appropriate intensity.
65
1. what cell structure does the name refer to?
2. How do they move?
3. How do they get their nutrition?
4. what disease are caused by them?
5. Do all the members of this taxon cause disease?
eukaryotic, protists
Excavates
P: Euglenozoa
1. Kinetoplastids (aka hemoflagellates) single large mitochondrion w/ its own organized DNA called kinetoplastids.
* eg: Trypanosoma*
2. Flagellum tail
3. parasitic?
4. african sleeping disease, chagas disease
5. mostly all
66
Trypanosomas diagram
67
1. why is this group worth while learning about?
2. what cell structure does this name refer to?
3. what cell structure does this name refer to and what is it used for?
4. how do the members of this taxon get their nutriion?
5. what cell structure is unique in this taxon?
Eukaryotic Protists
Supergroup: Chromalveolata
2. (subgroup of Chromalveolata) Alveolates the alveoli, flattened vessicles located in the plasma membrane
3. Phylum: Ciliata= ciliates the several 1000 cilia used 4 locomotion & some set up water currents that draw food toward them.
4. up above and mouth oral groove food swept in.
5. 2 kind of nuclei, diploid micronuclei & polyploid macronuclei, conjugation
* eg. Paramecium*
68
1. How do they move (whats similar/different from the other ciliates you've seen?
Eukaryotic protists
Supergroup Chromalveolata
Alveolates (subgroup of Chromalveolata)
P: Ciliata
* eg. Vorticella*
1. move by flagella tail don't have 1000s of cilicum as others usually do.
69
Chromalveolata
(subgroup of Chromalveolata)
P: Ciliata
*Vorticella*
70
1. what do these names refer to?
2. where do they live?
3. How do they move?
4. How do they get their nutrition?
5. What is there economic importance to us?
6. Why are they called "armored" dinoflagellates?
Eukaryotic Protists
Supergroup Chromalveolates
(subgroup of above) Alveolates
1. P: Dinoflagellates= Pyrrophyta spinning flagellum, (fire, bioluminescence)
* Perdinium*
2. some symbiotically w. cnidarians (corals)
3. flagella beat perpindicular to each other causing a spinnning motion like a motor.
4. some photosynthetic, heterotrophic, & ingest other microorganisms for food.
5. producers in marine ecosystem.
71
why are they called the armored dinoflagellates?
Eukaryotic protists
Supergroup Chromalveolates
(subgroup of above) Alveolates
P: Dinoflagellates
*eg. Ceratiuim*
cellulose plates reinforce cell wall
72
1. what cell sructure does this name refer to
2. what other cells do you see on the slide besides \_\_\_?
3. what disease is caused by them and why is it hard to treat?
4. How do they move?
5. How do they get their nutrition?
eukaryotic protists
supergroup Chromalveolates
(subgroup of above) Alveolates
1/4. P: Apicomplexans lack cell structure for locomotion move by flexing. spore forming alveolates
*Plasmodium*
merozoites "ring"
3. Causes malaria, have evolved to resist antibiotics.
2. You see blood cells
5. parasitic gets nutrition from its host.
73
1. What cell structure does this name refer to?
2. What is the second name mean?
3. What does this name refer to?
4. How do they move?
5. how do they get their nutrition?
6. What famous human catastrophr was were initiated because of them?
eukaryotic protists
supergroup Chromalveolates
1. (subgroup of above) Stramenopilans= Chromistans, straw flagella
2. different flagellum (heteroknots)
3. P: Oomycota= water molds, egg fungi
* Saprolegina*
refer to lab for labels
4. tiny biflagellate zoospores form each of which swims about
5. digest/absorb predigested nutrients.
6. disaster potatoe story irish potatoe famine
74
1. what are they thought to be a close relatives to?
2. How are they different?
3. How do they move\>|?
Eukaryotic Protists
Supergroup Chromalveolates
(subgroup of above) Stramenopilans
P: Xanthophyta=yellow-green algae
*Vaucheria sessilis*
they are coencytic, organisms consisting of multinucleate cell.
75
1. What do penate vs. centric and valve vs. girdle mean?
2. Where do they live?
3. Why have these cells been compared to crystals?
4. how do they move?
5. How do they get their nutrition?
Ekary. Protists
supergroup Chromalveolates
(subgroup of above) Stramenopilans= Chromistans
P: Bacillariophyta= diatoms
* Navicula*
1. long vs stretched/ ?
2. marines/freshwater
3. silica is deposited in shell & this glass like material is laid down in intricate patterns.
4. move by gliding, facilitated by the secretion of a slimy materialfrom a small groove along cell.
5. photosynthetic
76
eukary. protist
supergroupChromalveolates
(subgroup of above) stramenopilans
P: Bacillariophyta= diatoms
Aukacodiscus
asexually by mitosis when a diatom divides the 2 halves of its shell seperate & become larger half of a new diatom shell. because glass cant grow some get smaller and smallerw/ each generation. when 1 reaches fraction of size sexual reprduction occurs w the production of shell less gametes. than restores to original size because zygote a 2n cell that results from binary fusion of n gametes grows alot b4 making a new shell.
77
1. what does this name refer to?
2. where do they live?
3. how do they move?
4. How do they get their nutrition?
5. economic importance to us?
eukary. protist.
supegroup Chromalveolates
(subgroup of above) stramenopilans
1. P: Phaeophyta= brown algae, kelps
* Macrocystis*
2. cooler marine waters
3. don't move
4. photosynthetic
5. cell walls provide us w/ algin, used as a thickening agent.
78
Chromalveolates
(subgroup of above) stramenopilans
P: Phaeophyta= brown algae
*Sargassum*
same characteristics as macrocystis
79
eukary protists
supergroup Chromalveolates
(subgroup of above) stramenopilans
P: Phaeophyta= brown algae
Postalsia
80
Chromalveolates
(subgroup of above) stramenopilans
P: Phaeophyta= brown algae
*Zonaria farlowii*
81
Chromalveolates
## Footnote
(subgroup of above) stramenopilans
P: Phaeophyta= brown algae
*Egregia Laevigata*
82
1. what cell structure does this name refer to?
2. What cell structure does this name refer to?
3. Where do they live?
4. How do they move?
5. How do they get their nutrition?
6. What does their name refer to?
7. What kind of home do they live in?
1. (supergroup )Rhizaria threadlike cytoplasmic projections suggest name rhizarian root
2. P: Actinopoda=actinopods the long fillamentous cytoplasmic projections called axopods.
* Radiolaran/radiolarian*
3. marine life
4.
5. photosynthetic
6. houses
7.
83
1. where do they live?
2. How do they move?
3. How do they get their nutrition?
4. How are they sililar to radiolarians?
eukary. protist
(supergroup )Rhizaria
P: Foraminifera= foraminiferans= forams
Foraminiferan strew
1. marines ocean
2. don't live on floor or part of plankton
3. provide nutrients by photosynthesis
4. important constituents of plankton. thick on ocean floor
84
Spergroup Archaeplastida
P: Rhodophyta= red algae
*Porphyridium*
(red green lil' circles)
85
Spergroup Archaeplastida
## Footnote
P: Rhodophyta= red algae
*Porphyra*
86
Spergroup Archaeplastida
## Footnote
P: Chlorophyta = green algae
C: Chlorophyceae
*Chlamydomonas*
87
Spergroup Archaeplastida
## Footnote
P: Chlorophyta = green algae
C: Chlorophyceae
*Pandorina*
88
Spergroup Archaeplastida
## Footnote
P: Chlorophyta = green algae
C: Chlorophyceae
*Volvox*
89
Spergroup Archaeplastida
## Footnote
P: Chlorophyta = green algae
C: Chlorophyceae
*Haematococcus*
90
Spergroup Archaeplastida
P: Chlorophyta = green algae
C: Ulvophyceae
*Ulva*
91
Spergroup Archaeplastida
P: Chlorophyta = green algae
## Footnote
C: Ulvophyceae
Spirogyra
92
Spergroup Archaeplastida
P: Chlorophyta = green algae
## Footnote
C: Ulvophyceae
Spirogyra conjugation
93
Supergroup Unikonta
(subgroup of Unikonts) Amoebozoa
P: Gymnamoebae
*Amoeba*
94
Supergroup Unikonta
## Footnote
(subgroup of Unikonts) Amoebozoa
P: Myxomycota= plasmodial slime molds
*Stemonitis*
95
Eukary. plantae (land0
nonvascular Bryophytes
Bryophytes
P: Hepatophyta =liverworts
Non-seeded
gemmae cups
96
Non-seeded nonvascular plants
Bryophytes
antheridia
P: Hepatophyta=liverworts
male
97
Non-seeded nonvascular plants
Bryophytes
P: Hepatophyta= liverworts
Archegonia
female
98
Non-Seed Non Vascular Plants
Bryoohytes
P. Anthocerophyta= hornworts
99
what is the function of this?
Non-seeded nonvascular plants
## Footnote
Bryophytes
P: Hepatophyta=liverworts
Sporophytes
spores
100
Seedless vascular plants
## Footnote
Phylum Lycophyta= lycopods
club mosses
*Lycopodium*
101
Seedless Vascular Plants
* P: Pterophyta= ferns*
* Equisetum*= horsetail
102
Seedless Vascular Plants
P: ferns
Equisetum= horsetail
103
Cyanobacteria anabaena
Cyanobacteria Anabaena
104
Measurement and biometry
Lab 1
standard deviation=s=deviation from the mean= is a statistic that describes the accuracy of ur sample as a true representation of the entire population. calculated by taking the square root of the variance.
If there is a “normal” distribution then the {sample mean + the standard deviation} provides a range in which there is a 2/3 chance that the true population mean will be included.
And the {sample mean + twice the standard deviation} provides a range in which there is a 20 to 1 chance that the true population mean will be included.
And the {sample mean + three times the standard deviation} provides a range in which there is a 100 to 1 chance that the true population mean will be included.
dependent variable= y-axis= # (how many)
independent variable= x-axis= length
best graph to use= bar
normal distribution= bell shaped curve
mode = the category or measurement containing the largest # of organsims
arithmetic mean = " avg." ( x w/ bar over it)
median= the value of the measurement or observation which has an equal # of observations to either side
Variance or mean square (s^2) is a statistic that describes the dispersion on each side of the mean.
105
basic leaf form
palmately compound
e. leaflets
d. petiole
106
basic leaf type
Even pinnately compound
e leaflets
107
basic leaf form
Odd pinnately compound
e leaflets
108
basic leaf form
pinnately lobed
109
basic leaf form
parallel venation
110
basic leaf form
Netted venation
111
basic leaf form
palmately lobed
112
leaf bases
41. Acuminate
42. acute
43. rounded
44. truncate
113
leaf bases
45. cordate
46. hastate
47. sagittate
48. auriculate
114
leaf bases
49. olique
50. stipulate
51. sessile
52. clasping
115
leaf bases
53. perfoliate
54. connate
55. peltate
116
leaf tips
30. acuminate
31. acute
32. obtuse
33. caudate
34. aristate
35. cuspidate
117
leaf tips
36. mucronate
37. truncate
38. retuse
39. emarginate
40. obcordate
118
leaf shapes
1. acicular
2. subulate
3. linear
4. lanceolate
5. oblanceolate
6. spatulate
119
leaf shapes
13. obcordate
14. cordate
15. hastate
16. sagittate
120
leaf shapes
17. reniform
18. deltoid
19. orbiculate
121
leaf margins
7. oblong
8. elliptical
9. oval
10. ovate
11. obovate
12. cuneate
122
leaf margins
20. entire
21. serrulate
22. serrate
23. doubly serrate
24. dentrate
25. crenate
123
leaf margins
26. undulate
27. sinuate
28. lobed
29. incised
124
intro to microscope
lab #2
what is the slide an image of?
## Footnote
compound microscope
stage- were specimen sits
mechanical stage- movable convinient 4 manipulation
coarse focus adjustement- ouuter knob moves stage up and down
fine focus adjustement- small outter knob, moves stage in similar manner as above
diopter- customize focus for eyes
Tilia slide
125
thin section of a cork
126
desmids
127
Prokaryotes
lab #3
One large and diverse phylum of bacteria are the Cyanobacteria. these organisms can do some unusual biochemistry/ among the largest cells in the prokaryotes.
contain chlorophyl a only prokaryotes to carry on photosynthesis that generate oxygen. inhabit ponds lakes swimming pools moist soil dead logs tree bark.
..
128
Prokaryote
bacteria
Cyanobacteria
gram negative
Oscillatoria
129
bacterial forms
flagellated types
Amphitrichous
130
bacillus with endospores
131
bacillus (fusi form)
132
bacillus single
133
bacillus rods in chain
134
bacillus single
135
prokaryote form
coccus chain
136
prokaryote types
coccus (singles, pairs, tetrads, clusters)
137
bacteria forms
coccus tetrads
138
bacterial forms
coccus single
139
bacterial forms
diplococcus (pair)
140
prokaryote types
blue green algae
Gloecapse (encapsulated oval within a glob)
141
bacterial forms
flagellated types
peritrichous
142
bacterial forms
flagellated types
lophotrichous
143
prokaryote type
blue green algae
merismopedia (sheet within a matrix)
144
bacterial form
flagellated types
monotrichous
145
prokaryote type
mycelium (Actinomycetes)
146
prokaryote type
green algae
Oscillatoria (fillament)
147
proaryote type
spirals
148
bacterial forms
spirillium
149
bacterial form
spirillium
150
prokaryote types
spirochaetes
151
prokaryote type
square shaped (haloarcula)
152
bacterial form
staphylococcus
153
bacterial form
streptobacillus (chain)
154
bacterial form streptococcus (chain)
155
1. binary fission
2. sexual reproduction
2-3 fertilization
3. planozygote
3-4-5meiosis 2N
4. hypozygote
5. planomeiocyte 1N
dinoflagellates can have verry complicated life cycles some species have over 10 different stages known but cells are usually haploid.
156
asexually by mitosis when a diatom divides the 2 halves of its shell seperate & become larger half of a new diatom shell. because glass cant grow some get smaller and smallerw/ each generation. when 1 reaches fraction of size sexual reprduction occurs w the production of shell less gametes. than restores to original size because zygote a 2n cell that results from binary fusion of n gametes grows alot b4 making a new shell.
157
chlamydomonas life cycle
158
Amoeba anatomy
159
physarum plasmodium
160
Non seed Plants
Non vascular plants
Bryophytes
P: Bryophyta= mosses
life cycle
161
Non seed Plants
Non vascular
Bryophytes
P: Hepatophyta= liverworts
close up mature sporophyte
162
Non seed Plants
Non vascular
Bryophytes
P: Anthocerophyta= hornworts
163
Seedless vascular plants
P: Lycophyta = lycopods
club moss:
Lycopodium life cycle
164
Seedless vascular plants
P: Lycophyta = lycopods
spike moss:
Selaginella life cycle
165
Seedless vascular plants
## Footnote
P: Pterophyta= ferns
life cycle
166
seed Vascular plants 2 extinct phyla
1. progymnosperm Archaeopteris
2. Pteridosperm/seed fern Williamsonia
167
1.How will u reconize one in the future?
seed Vascular plants
P: Cyadophyta
1. have cones
only 9 genera in this group.
168
seed Vascular plants
P: Coniferophyta
169
seed Vascular plants
P: Ginkgophyta
Ginkgo Bilboa
only 1 living species
170
coniferophyta life cycle
171
1. Welwittschia large shrub Namib desert only 1 species
2. Gnetum: trees/shrubs/vines
tropical
3.Ephedra: shrubs dry areas of the world
172
P: Anthophyta = angiosperms= flowering plants
173
Dicot
4. Root
a. vascular tissue
5. seed
a. cotyledon
b. epicotyl
c. hypocotyl
174
Monocot
3. Stem (cross section)
b. herbaceous
175
monocot
2. flower
a. petal
b. sepal
1. leaf
b. leaf sheath
176
dicot
1. leaf
a. petiole
2. flower
a. petal
b. sepal
c. pistil
d. stamen
3. stem (cross section)
A. woody a. cambium B a. cambium b. vascular bundle c. pith
177
4.fernspirogyra j. spore m. gametophyte g. male gamet. h. s[erm i. sorus
178
1. spirogyra a. conjugation tube b. migrating chloroplast c. zygote d. germination
179
2.
e. female gametophyte f. male gamet. g. sperm h. egg in archegonium i. sporophyte j. spore
180
3. moss
e. female gametophyte
f. male gametophyte
g. sperm
h. egg in archegonium
i. sporophyte
j. spore
k. embryo
181
6. equisetum
i. sporophyte
n. strobilus
j. spore
f. male gametophyte
e. female gametophyte
g. sperm
h. egg in archegonium
m. gametophyte
182
8. pine s. ovulate strobilus u. ovale at fertilization
f. male gametophyte t. pollen
k. embryo
v. seed
w. seeding
i. sporophyte
r. staminate strobilus
183
5. selaginella i. sporophyte n. strobilus
o. microsporangium
p. megaspore
g. sperm
p. megaspore
i. sorus q. sporeling
184
7. Zamia s. ovulate strobilus r.staminate stobilus f.male gametophyte t.pollen u. ovale at fertilization k. embryo
v. seed
i. sporophyte
w. seeding
185
9. lilly
i. sporophyte
x. flower
f. male gametophyte
t. pollen
y. mega gametophyte
k. embryo
z. double fertilization
w. seeding
186
187
188
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