Practicum 2

Question 1

perfect flower

Answer 1

flower having both stamens and carpels

Question 2

Aggregate

Answer 2

Aggregate fruit
A fruit that develops from
a single flower with several to many pistils (i.e., carpels are not fused into a single pistil).
Blackberry (Rubus)

Question 3

Butterfly Life Cylce

1. Adults 2. eggs 3. larvae 1st instar 4. larva 5. larva (pupating) 6. Pupa (chrysalis)

Answer 3

Question 4

circles w/ dots all around?

Answer 4

turtox ground bone thin x.s.

Question 5

Lophophorates = lophophore-bearing animals

What is a lophophore?

Answer 5

a circular or horseshoe-shaped organ about the mouth especially of a brachiopod or bryozoan that bears tentacles and functions especially in food-getting

Question 6

slide

Answer 6

Bone compact C.S.

Question 7

P: platyhelminthes= flatworms

C: Turbellaria =live planaria

Planarian anatomy

digestive and excretory systemsplanarian anatomy

nervous and reproductive systems

Answer 7

A. Nervous system 1. main sensory brain nerves 2. brain 3. dorsal commisure between vental rods 4.ventral nerve cord 5.transverse cammissure 6. marginal plexus 7. anterior continuation of the ventral cods 8. eye, nerve cells 9. eye, pigment 10. ventral sensoy nerves vas efferens

B. reproductive system 11. ovary 12. vitelline gland 13. testis 14. oviduct 15. vas deferens 16. praynx 17. seminal vesicle 18. seminal receptacle 19. pharygeal opening 20. vagina 21. penis papilla 22. genita; atrium 23. genital pore

Question 8

P: Porifera= Calcarea & Silicea= sponges

Asymmetrical; cells loosely arranged and do not form true tissues; body is sac with pores, central cavity, and osculum

Collar cells (choanocytes); aquatic, mainly marine

collar cells - bring in food

Choanoflagellates are characterized by a single flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. Sponges have flagellate cells called collar cells, or choanocytes, which are strikingly similar to choanoflagellates.

Answer 8

aquatic animals

sessile

most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food, oxygen and remove wastes.

three asexual methods of reproduction: after fragmentation; by budding; and by producing gemmules. They use the mobility of their pinacocytes and choanocytes and reshaping of the mesohyl to reattach themselves to a suitable surface and then rebuild.

the skeletal framework of a sponge can be both rigid and fibrous. Between the outer and inner cell layers, the sponge body has a gelatin-like layer, the mesohyl, which is supported by slender skeletal spikes, or spicules.

Question 9

pond

Answer 9

yellow pond lilly

cattail

rush

native ferns

red slider turtle

Question 10

P: platyhelminthes= flatworms

C: Turbellaria =live planaria

Answer 10

Mainly free-living; mainly marine; body covered by ciliated epidermis; typically carnivorous; prey on tiny invertebrates

Planarians are carnivorous; they trap small animals in a mucous secretion. The digestive system consists of a single opening (the mouth); a tubelike, muscular pharynx (the first portion of the diges- tive tube); and a branched gastrovascular cavity. A planarian projects its pharynx outward through its mouth, using it to suck in prey. The long, highly branched gastrovascular cavity distributes food to all parts of the body so each cell can receive nutrients by diffusion.

reproduce either asexually or sexually. In asexual reproduction, an individual constricts in the middle and divides into two planarians. Each regenerates its missing parts. Sexually, these animals are hermaphrodites. During the warm months of the year, each is equipped with a complete set of male and female organs. Two planarians come together in copulation and exchange sperm cells so that their eggs are cross-fertilized.

Question 11

SP: Chelicerata

Answer 11

Subphylum Chelicerata includes the merostomes (horseshoe crabs) and the arachnids (spiders, mites, and their relatives). The chelicerate body consists of a cephalothorax and abdomen; there are six pairs of uniramous, jointed appendages, of which four pairs serve as legs. The first appendages are chelicerae; the second are pedipalps. These appendages are adapted for manipulation of food, locomotion, defense, or copulation. Chelicerates have no antennae and no mandibles.

Question 12

Simple, Berry: Hesperidium

Answer 12

Hesperidium type fruits are always covered with a leathery rind and the partitions separating their carpels are tough and fibrous. The orange, lemon and grapefruit, all members of the citrus family, are good examples of the hespiridium type of fruit.

Question 13

Squid anatomy

Answer 13

Question 14

old mission dam & riparian section

Answer 14

mosses

Equisetum telmateia

maidenhair fern

big-leaf maple

western sycamores

coast live oaks

white alders

Question 15

C: Scyphozoans

Answer 15

Mainly marine; typically inhabit coastal water, free-swimming medusa most prominent form; polyp stage often reduced

1. Embryonic development (within maternal tissue)
   a. zygote b-d. cleavage e. Gastrula
2. planula 3. young actinula
3. scyphistoma, w/ tentacles 5. Scyphistoma, strobilation
4. Scyphistoma, tentacles lost 7. advanced strobila
5. young ephyra (just detached) 9-10. developing ephyra
6. medusa

Question 16

Acoustic REceptor (ear)

Answer 16

auditory acuity test- tick watch to ear how far can they still hear away from ear

rinne test - vibrating tuning fork behing unplugged ear.

weber test - vibrating fork to heafd,is it equal in both ears.

Auditory adaptation - vibrating fork to ear move away put back to ear did they hear sound again

.

Question 17

Desert section

Answer 17

yellow flowered palo verde

ocotillo

desert lavender

jojoba

agaves

cactus

ca. palms

western fence lizard

Question 18

P: Annelida = segmented worms

Answer 18

segmented worms with bilateral symmetry and a tubular body that may be partitioned into more than 100 ringlike segments. This phylum, composed of about 15,000 species, includes three main groups: the polychaetes, a group of marine and freshwater worms; the earthworms; and the leeches.

The term Annelida (from a Latin word meaning “little rings”) refers to the series of rings, or segments, which make up the annelid body. Both the body wall and many of the internal organs are segmented. Some structures, such as the digestive tract and certain nerves, extend the length of the body, passing through successive segments. Other structures, such as excretory organs, are repeated in each segment. In polychaetes and earthworms, segments are separated from one another internally by transverse partitions called septa.
An important advantage of segmentation is that it facilitates locomotion. The coelom is divided into segments, and each segment has its own muscles. This arrangement allows the animal to elongate one part of its body while shortening another part. The an- nelid’s hydrostatic skeleton is important in movement. Polychaetes and earthworms have bristlelike structures called setae (sing., seta), located on each segment. Setae provide traction as the worm moves alongg by alternating contraction of its longitudinal and circular muscles. In earthworms, setae consist mainly of chitin.

The annelid nervous system typically consists of a ventral nerve cord and a simple brain consisting of a pair of ganglia. Each segment has a pair of ganglia and lateral nerves. Annelids have a large, well-developed coelom, a closed circulatory system, and a complete digestive tract extending from mouth to anus. Respiration is cutaneous, that is, through the skin, or by gills. Typically, a pair of excretory tubules called metanephridia is located in each segment.

Question 19

Flower and polination lab

complete flower

Answer 19

having all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Question 20

SP: Trilobtomprpha = tribotes

Answer 20

The trilobites are extinct marine arthropods covered by a hard, seg- mented shell. Each segment had a pair of biramous appendages, appendages with two jointed branches, an inner walking leg and an outer gill branch.

Question 21

P: Cnidaria

C. Anthrozoans

Answer 21

Marine; solitary or colonial polyps; no medusa stage in most; gastrovascular cavity divided by partitions into chambers, increasing area for digestion

1. Embryonic develop a. zygote b-d- cleavage e. gastrula
2. planula 3. early polyp
3. polyp (tentacles appearing) 5. ployl (1st tentacle formed)
4. adult anemone 7. budding 8. longitudinal fission
5. pedal laceration

Question 22

rat dissection

Answer 22

Question 23

P: Annelida = segmented worms

C: Polychaeta

Answer 23

Mainly marine; each segment bears a pair of parapodia with many setae; well-developed head; separate sexes; trochophore larva

the term polychaete means “many bristles”;

Each body segment typically bears a pair of paddle-shaped appendages called parapodia (sing., parapodium) that function in locomotion and in gas exchange.

Question 24

zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetric)

Answer 24

only two symmetrical parts are possible if a line is drawn from one side to the other, reaching the centre. With a single plane of symmetry.

Question 25

Rotifera = rotifers

Answer 25

rotifer

Question 26

slide

Answer 26

muscle striated I.S.

Question 27

drupe

Answer 27

Drupe (simple fruit) A simple, fleshy fruit in which the inner wall of the fruit is a hard stone. Peach (Prunus persica)

Question 28

slide

Answer 28

turtox adipose tissue

Question 29

reproductive systems

Answer 29

Question 30

slide

Answer 30

Areolar tissue spread film

Question 31

simple, Pome

Answer 31

The pome consists of tissue derived from the ovary and from the perianth. For this reason it is often called an accessory fruit. In the example (apple) the core is composed of modified tissue from the ovary wall while the pulp is composed of tissue from the base of the floral tube and receptacle. The seeds were once, early in development, ovules containing fertilized eggs and endosperm. The pear is another pome type of fruit.

Question 32

P: Mollusca C: Gastropoda = snails & slugs

Answer 32

Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial; coiled shell in many species; torsion of visceral mass; well-developed head with tentacles and eyes

Question 33

P: Mollusca = mollusks -\> chitons, snails, bivalves, slugs, octopi, squids

Answer 33

Although most mollusks are marine, many snails and clams live in fresh water, and some species of snails and slugs inhabit the land. A soft body, usually covered by a dorsal shell composed mainly of calcium carbonate, foot, located ventrally, which is used for locomotion, visceral mass, mantle, radula, hemocoel.

Question 34

fungi lab

Answer 34

Question 35

P: Mollusca C: Cephalopoda

Answer 35

The cephalopod mouth is surrounded by tentacles, or arms: 8 in octopods, 10 in squids, and as many as 90 in the cham- bered nautilus. The large head has well-developed eyes that form images. Although they develop differently, their complex eyes are structurally similar to vertebrate eyes and function in much the same way. the mouth has two strong, horny beaks used to kill prey and tear it to bits. The thick, muscular mantle is fitted with a funnel-like siphon. By filling the cavity with water and ejecting it through the siphon, the cephalopod achieves forceful jet propulsion.

Question 36

Multiple

Answer 36

Multiple fruit A fruit that develops from the ovaries of a group of flowers. Mulberry (Morus)

Question 37

slide

Answer 37

Ox spinal cord: motor nerve cells

Question 38

P: Cnidaria = jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, hydrozoans (exceptions), corals,sea pansies

Answer 38

Tentacles with cnidocytes (stinging cells) that discharge nematocysts; two body forms: polyp and medusa; some form colonies; mainly marine Radial symmetry; diploblastic; gastrovascular cavity with one opening Hydrozoan life cycle symiotic relationship with corals 1. Embryonic development a. zygote b-d. cleavage 2. Planula 3. young polyp 4-5. developing colony 6. portion of colony a. hydranth b. gonagium 7. young medusa 8. mature medusa

Question 39

Life cycle of sponge

Answer 39

Question 40

P: Nematoda = round worms

Answer 40

play key ecological roles as decomposers and predators of smaller organisms. Many soil nematodes eat bacteria. Nematodes are numerous and widely distributed in soil and in marine and freshwater sediments. bilateral symmetry, a complete digestive tract, three definite tissue layers, and definite organ systems; however, they lack specific circulatory structures. The sexes are usually separate, and the male is generally smaller than the female.

Question 41

P: Ctenophora = comb jellies

Answer 41

Eight rows of cilia that resemble combs; tentacles with adhesive glue cells; marine predators Biradial symmetry; diploblastic; gastro- vascular cavity with mouth and anal pores ctenes = Each row or band of very long cilia fused into ctenes or combs (Greek: ctene = comb). Swimming is accomplished by the beating of the ctenes. Ctenophores are the only animals that have their cilia fused into ctenes. The ctenes are usually organized into eight rows which are evenly spaced around the body. colloblasts = Adhesive prey-capturing cells on the oral lobes. Each colloblast cell consists of a bulbous, sticky head connected to a long, straight filament and a spiral, contractile filament. Prey become stuck to colloblasts and oral lobes move food to mouth.

Question 42

simple, dry, Samara

Answer 42

The Samara is a wind borne fruit containing a single seed. It is much like an achene except for the paper-like wing which develops from the ovary wall of the flower. Winged Samara fruits are characteristic of elms, maples and ashes.

Question 43

slide

Answer 43

Bone compact C.S.

Question 44

slide

Answer 44

ciliated columnar epithelium of clam

Question 45

C: Hydrozoans

Answer 45

Mainly marine, but some freshwater species; alternation of polyp and medusa stages in most species (polyp form only in Hydra); some form colonies

Question 46

fungi lab

Answer 46

Question 47

Flowers and pollination

Answer 47

Usual pollionator size color scent bats lg white, redish swt (strng) bees sm (-lg) many (BLUE) not necessary butterfly sm (flat)vvarietyswt (faint) hummingbirds sm (tube) red not necesary moths med. (tube) white swt (strng)

Question 48

slide

Answer 48

Ox spinal cord: motor nerve cells

Question 49

compound fruit

Answer 49

A fruit consisting of the fusion of the fruits of numerous flowers into a single fruit, such as a pineapple.

Question 50

C-Fern Lab sporophytes on mom

Answer 50

3 petri plates w/ C-Fern agar medium. Start with C --\> A for spore placement. after water is no longer visible observe under high magnification of dissecting scope. record spores day 1 hermaphodite- ovenmit male-tongue add 2 ml of sterile water --\> germ swim

Question 51

P: Annelida = sefmented worms C: Hirudinae = leeches

Answer 51

Most are blood-sucking parasites that inhabit fresh water; appendages and setae absent; prominent muscular suckers

Question 52

Cutaneous receptors

Answer 52

mapping touch & temp. grid and poke with pobe than use heat and do same thing than do with cold. start w/ 2 probestogether move until contact is felt x2 dip finger hot/ cold which one addapt faster dip elbow in bucket

Question 53

P: Phoronida = phoronids

Answer 53

they are wormlike, sessile animals found in coastal marine sediments. Adult phoronids secrete chitinous tubes in which they live They extend their lophophores from their tubes for feeding. Phoronids vary in length from 2 cm to more than 20 cm (less than 1 in to about 8 in), but they are only 1 to 3 mm in diameter.

Question 54

Accessory

Answer 54

Accessory fruit A fruit composed primarily of nonovarian tissue (such as the receptacle or floral tube). Apple (Malus sylvestris) strawberry

Question 55

Drosophila life cycle

Answer 55

Question 56

spermatogenesis & oogenesis

Answer 56

Question 57

Oaks Woodland

Answer 57

coast live oaks manzanitas lichens poison oak

Question 58

slide

Answer 58

stratified squamos epithelium

Question 59

P: Nemertea = ribbon/proboscis worms

Answer 59

Most burrow in marine sediments, but a few species inhabit deep sea water, fresh water, or damp soil. long, narrow bodies, either cylindrical or flattened. Some are a vivid orange, red, or green, with black or colored stripes. Their most remarkable organ, the proboscis, is a long, hollow, muscular tube that can be rapidly everted (turned inside out) from the anterior end of the body. Used to capture prey, the sticky pro- boscis can be wrapped around a small animal. In some species the proboscis is sharp, and in various species it secretes toxic fluid that immobilizes prey. the chamber surrounding the proboscis is a coelomic space, known as a rhynchocoel.

Question 60

silique & silicle

Answer 60

A silique or siliqua (plural siliques or siliquae) is a fruit (seed capsule) of 2 fused ... have a shorter fruit of similar structure, in which case the fruit is called silicle.

Question 61

slide

Answer 61

heart muscle intercalated discs

Question 62

P: Platyhelminthes= flat worms C: Cestoda = tapeworms scolex --\> hooks on head The body of the tapeworm consists of a long chain of segments called proglottids. long, flat, ribbonlike

Answer 62

Parasites of vertebrates; complex life cycle usually with one or two intermediate hosts; larval host may be invertebrate; typically have suckers and sometimes hooks for attachment to host; eggs produced within proglottids, which are shed; no digestive or nervous systems. 1. Cysticercus (everted scolex) 2.adult tapeworm 3. mature proglottid 4. Gravid proglottid 5. egg 6. oncosphere (6 hooked embryo) 7. Cysticercus (bladder worm).

Question 63

Meadow section

Answer 63

Equisetum hyemale ca. poppy hummingbird sage perennial bunch grasses Dudleya spp.

Question 64

owl pellet

Answer 64

Question 65

simple, Schizocarp

Answer 65

a dry compound fruit that splits at maturity into several indehiscent one-seeded carpels.

Question 66

slide

Answer 66

Muscle smooth (macerated)

Question 67

circulatory system

Answer 67

Question 68

Elementary Earthworm anatomy

Answer 68

1. front end 2. esophagus 3. crop 4. gizzard 5. intestine 6. outter ring 7. Rear end 8. Bristles 9. (5) hearts 10. throat 11. Mouth

Question 69

P: Mollusca C:Polyplacophora = chitons

Answer 69

Marine; dorsal shell consisting of eight separate transverse plates; head reduced; broad foot used for locomotion

Question 70

abdomen

Answer 70

Question 71

slide

Answer 71

hyaline cartilage trachea

Question 72

P: Mollusca C: Bivalvia = bivalves (2 shells) hatchet-shaped foot to protrude ventrally for locomotion and for burrowing in mud.

Answer 72

Clams and oysters are filter feeders that trap food particles suspended in sea water. They take water in through an extension of the mantle called the incurrent siphon. Water leaves by way of an excurrent siphon. As the water passes over the gills, mucus secreted by the gills traps food particles in the stream of water. Cilia move the food to the mouth. An oyster can filter more than 30 L (about 32 qt) of water per hour! As filter feeders, bivalves have no need for a radula, and indeed they are the only group of mollusks that lack this structure.

Question 73

slide

Answer 73

Cerebral cortex silver impregnation section

Question 74

Abdomen

Answer 74

heart lung

Question 75

Visual receptor

Answer 75

Visual acuity (snellen chart) - eye test astigmatism - lines appear same than no accomodation - Near Point - meter stick and chin w/ card type word pupillary reflex - cove eye than flashlight in partner eye goes big extrinsic eye muscle - Nystagmus - observe eye movement when following pencil

Question 76

Redwood forest

Answer 76

coast redwoods redwoods or red- stemmed sorrel western azalea ca. rose bay

Question 77

P: Brachiopoda = lampshells

Answer 77

Brachiopods, or lamp- shells, are solitary marine animals that inhabit cold water. Until the mid-19th century, they were thought to be mollusks because they are suspension feeders that superficially resemble clams and other bivalve mollusks. Their body is enclosed between two shells and has a mantle and mantle cavity (FIG. 31-21a). However, they dif- fer from bivalve mollusks in that the shells are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral; each shell is symmetrical about the midline, and the two shell valves are typically of unequal size. Brachiopods attach to the substrate by a long stalk. The action of cilia on the lophophore brings water with suspended food into the slightly opened shell.

Question 78

animal cell

Answer 78

Question 79

P: platyhelminthes= flatworms C: Turbellaria =live planaria Planarian anatomy digestive and excretory systems

Answer 79

1. eye 2. auricle A. digestive system, tridad 3. intestine 4. pharyngeal cavity 5. pharynx 6. pharyngeal opening 7. mouth b. excretory system 8. flame cell 9. excretory pore 10. excretory tubule

Question 80

taste receptors distribution of tongue

Answer 80

solutions test taste and where they feel your touch on their tongue

Question 81

P: Mollusca C: Aplacophora C: Monoplacophora

Answer 81

no shell 1 shell

Question 82

actinomorphic (radially symmetric)

Answer 82

can be divided into two exact parts, if a line is drawn from one side to the other, reaching from centre, no matter where the line is drawn.

Question 83

fungi lab

Answer 83

Question 84

SP: Myriapoda C: Diplopoda

Answer 84

Subphylum Myriapoda includes class Chilopoda, the centipedes, and class Diplopoda, the millipedes. Members of this subphylum have uniramous (unbranched) appendages and a single pair of antennae.

Question 85

Berry

Answer 85

Berry (simple fruit) A simple, fleshy fruit in which the fruit wall is soft throughout. Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum)

Question 86

P: Platyhelminthes= flat worms C: Trematoda = flukes Schistosoma infrct humans

Answer 86

Parasites with a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts; may require intermediate hosts; adults have suckers for attachment to host. 1. adult egg 2. egg 3. fully developed egg 4. miracidium 5. sporocyst 6. redia 7. daughter redia 8. cercaria 9. metacercaria in cyst

Question 87

simple, Berry: Pepo

Answer 87

The pepo is covered by a rind that is hard and thick. The cucumber, pumpkin and watermelon are good examples of the pepo type of fruit. Below the rind, the the rest of the ovary wall is soft and fleshy. In the photographs above seeds fill the locule of each carpel.

Question 88

P: Annelida C: Oligochaeta = earthworm

Answer 88

(the term oligochaete means “few bristles” Terrestrial and freshwater worms; few setae per segment; lack well-developed head; hermaphroditic Setae provide traction as the worm moves along by alternating contraction of its longitudinal and circular muscles. In earthworms, setae consist mainly of chitin.

Question 89

capsule

Answer 89

capsule (simple fruit) a simple dy fruit that splits open along two or more sutures or pores to release its seeds: fruit is formed from ovary that consists of two or more carpels. (iris)

Question 90

follicle

Answer 90

follicle (simple fruit) A simple, dry ruit that splits open along one suture to release its seeds: fruit is formed from ovary that consists of a single carpel. Milkweed (*Asciepias syriaca*)

Question 91

slide

Answer 91

blood human white stain smear

Question 92

Achene

Answer 92

Achene (simple fruit) A simple, dry fruit in which the fruit wall is separate from the seed coat. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Question 93

P: Arthopoda = jointed- feet animals

Answer 93

Phylum Arthropoda is composed of segmented animals with paired, jointed appendages and an armorlike exoskeleton of chitin. Molting is necessary for the arthropod to grow. Arthropods have an open circulatory system with a dorsal heart that pumps hemolymph. Aquatic forms have gills for gas exchange; terrestrial forms have either tracheae or book lungs.

Question 94

P: Bryozoa = Ectoprocta = moss animals

Answer 94

microscopic aquatic animals. They form sessile colonies by asexual budding. Each colony can consist of millions of individuals and can extend in length up to about 31 cm (about 1 ft). The colonies typically appear plant- like, but some have the appearance of coral.

Question 95

Caryopsis

Answer 95

Caryopsis (simple fruit) A simple, dry fruit in which the fruit wall is fused to the seed coat. Wheat (Triticum)

Question 96

Nut

Answer 96

Nut (simple fruit) A simple, dry fruit that has a stony wall, is usually large, and does not split open at maturity. Oak (Quercus)

Question 97

SP: Lophotrochozoa = lophophorates & trochozoans What puts an animal in this group?

Answer 97

(1) the lophophore, a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth in three small groups of animals; and (2) the trochophore larva, a type of larva that characterizes two major groups

Question 98

Elementary Earthworm life Cycle

Answer 98

Question 99

Legume

Answer 99

Legume (simple fruit) A simple, dry fruit that splits open along two sutures to release its seeds; fruit is formed from ovary that consists of a single carpel (green Bean)

Question 100

slide

Answer 100

Giant multipolar neuron smear

Question 101

slide

Answer 101

Cerebral cortex silver impregnation section