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Pragmatics Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

paralanguage

A

using body gestures for communication
emojis achieve this electronically

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2
Q

hyperbole

A

exaggerated language

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3
Q

litote

A

understatements

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4
Q

idiom

A

phrases like its ‘raining cats and dogs’ or ‘under the weather’

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5
Q

collocations

A

2 or more words which often go together

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6
Q

shared knowledge

A

using language that a social group understands - could be jargon or informal words

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7
Q

implicature

A

implied meanings

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8
Q

divergence

A

moving speech patterns away from others

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9
Q

convergence

A

moving speech patterns towards others

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10
Q

downwards convergence

A

someone of higher status or power converging to someone of lower status or power

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11
Q

upwards convergence

A

someone of lower status or power converging to someone of higher status or power

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12
Q

mutual convergence

A

both parties converge their speech patterns towards eachother

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13
Q

code switching

A

switching between different languages in conversation

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14
Q

tenor

A

relationship

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15
Q

genre convention

A

features that are typical of a text type

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16
Q

presupposition

A

assumption

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17
Q

hypocorisms

A

a nickname showing affection or closeness

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18
Q

subtext

A

implied meanings

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19
Q

context bound information

A

words described in a certain context e.g ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘there, ‘cool’, ‘it’

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20
Q

honourific address

A

showing respect and conveying courtesy

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21
Q

dramatic irony

A

when the audience knows more than the characters involved

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22
Q

deixis / deictic language

A

phrases or words which are context dependent

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23
Q

exophoric deixis

A

when a word or phrase refers to something outside the discourse

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24
Q

what is exophoric deixis also known as

Study These Flashcards
A

primary deixis

25
what are the 3 types of exophoric deixis
person deixis - pronouns, 'i', 'she, 'they', 'him', and some proper noun spatial deixis - describing the speaker in space or relation to other objects such as 'here or there', 'come and go', 'this, those, that' temporal deixis - describing the speakers in terms of time such as 'now' , 'then', 'yesterday'
26
Proximal deixis
where the situation is near to the speaker e.g here, now ,this
27
Distal deixis
used to express distance e.g that, there, then
28
endophoric deixis
terms that are revealed in the text
29
what is endophoric deixis also known as
secondary deixis
30
what are the 2 types of endophoric deixis?
anaphoric deixis - refers to something the text has already identified cataphoric deixis - where the pronoun is revealed before the noun
31
expressives
providing praise to others, aka positive reinforcement
32
situational irony
a situation in which actions have an effect that is the opposite from what was expected or intended e.g a fire station is burned down
33
verbal irony
when words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really mean or feel It is often sarcastic but does not have to be
34
sarcasm
verbal irony with mockery or attitude
35
hypophora
a rhetorical question that is immediately answered
36
ideograph
when abstract nouns have an emotional impact
37
ethos
about the writer/speakers credibility and trust. we are more likely to be persuaded by someone if we trust the individual
38
logos
how the speaker/writer appeals to the logical thinking of the audience. I it about the speakers evidence/proof of an argument
39
pathos
how the speaker/writer appeals to the emotions of the audience
40
kairus
refers to the timeliness of the argument e.g right her, right now
41
synchronous
‘real time’ - the convo is happening right now live on the spot discourse
42
asynchronous
the opposite of synchronous - this is delayed time e.g tv shows
43
close and distant
the proximity of the speaker physically and in time
44
ephemeral
something that is short lived e.g text messages, snapchat, one day to do list
45
permanent
the opposite of ephemeral. a text which could be used over and over again and has a level of permanency e.g a contract, a novel
46
Intertextuality
the way one text influences another the way texts gain meaning through their referencing or recall of other texts
47
what are the types of intertextuality
translation plagiarism quotation allusion parody pastiche
48
what is translation (type of intertextuality)
translating work from one language to another
49
what is plagiarism (type of intertextuality)
when a writer uses or closely copies work of others without referencing them thus claiming its their own work
50
what is quotation (type of intertextuality)
the repetition of an expression. newspapers often quote people as well as journalists who quote other people’s findings
51
what is allusion (type of intertextuality)
a reference to something well known e.g a person, place, event, story, work of art, literature, music or pop culture
52
what is parody (type of intertextuality)
mocking another text purpose for comedic value, to be humorous
53
what is pastiche (type of intertextuality)
work that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more artists e.g fan fiction not parody as not comedic not allusion as not a reference
54
default assumption
where we assume something unless told otherwise
55
gender bias
if language is gender biased it favours a certain gender over another
56
gender neutral language
using language to avoid creating a gender bias
57
unmarked terms
the normal/neutral form of a word e.g lion, governor, nurse
58
marked terms
the form of words that stand out from the norm e.g lioness, governess, male nurse

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