Pragmatics

Question 1

Paralanguage/ Paralinguistic Features

Answer 1

Using body language/ gestures when communicating. In electronic texts this is done via emojis

Question 2

Hyperbole

Answer 2

Exaggerated language (eg. That’s AMAZING/ that’s absolutely HORRIFIC)

Question 3

Litote

Answer 3

Understatements (eg. ‘It’s ok.’ - when its very good)

Question 4

Shared Knowledge

Answer 4

Using language that a social group understands. This could be jargon, but this could also be made up informal words(eg. Brat summer).

Question 5

Pragmatics

Answer 5

Practical aspects of human action and thought

Question 6

Metaphor

Answer 6

Comparison of two similar things by saying one IS the other

Question 7

Conceit

Answer 7

Linguistic term for an extended metaphor

Question 8

Simile

Answer 8

Draws resemblance between two things by saying “thing A is LIKE thing B” or “thing A is AS [adjective] thing B”

Question 9

Imagery

Answer 9

Where stories use highly descriptive language

Question 10

Personification

Answer 10

Human traits to describe non human things

Question 11

Hyperbole

Answer 11

Exaggerated statement often uses in descriptive language to convey a deeper meaning

Question 12

Rhetorical question

Answer 12

Interrogative that does not require an answer

Question 13

Hypophora

Answer 13

The person who raises the question answers it immediately themselves

Question 14

Symbolism

Answer 14

Represent abstract concepts and ideas in stories. Typically derive from objects of non-human (eg. Dove represents peace)

Question 15

Motif

Answer 15

Recurs throughout a story and helps develop the theme of the narrative (eg. Motif of hope)

Question 16

Anthropomorphism

Answer 16

Assigning human characteristics to non human entities (God, animals, objects)

Question 17

Mystery code

Answer 17

Using mystery to evoke suspense or create and entertaining effect

Question 18

Characterisation

Answer 18

Providing crucial information about characters to aid development

Question 19

Sensory language

Answer 19

Using the senses to aid description for the reader

Question 20

Humour

Answer 20

Entertaining the reader via humour from an informal narrator

Question 21

Emotive language

Answer 21

Using pathos and loaded content to emotionally move the reader

Question 22

Dramatic irony

Answer 22

When the audience is aware of the true intentions or outcomes while the characters have no idea

Question 23

Magical realism

Answer 23

Describing events in a real world setting but with magical trappings

Question 24

Pathetic Fallacy

Answer 24

Attributing human emotions to nature, using the weather to convey emotion/ atmosphere (eg. The angry sky)

Question 25

Context Bound Information

Answer 25

Understanding meaning based on situational context (definitions can change based on positioning in a sentence or tone it’s said in)

Question 26

Taking The Floor

Answer 26

Where someone establishes the topic of discussion and will start talking/ deciding upon the topic agenda

Question 27

Implicature

Answer 27

Where an implied meaning arises through flouting a maxim (Eg. Speaker A is late —> Speaker B: “nice to see your time keeping has improved Implicature of speaker B= you are late/ be on time)

Question 28

Expressives

Answer 28

Providing praise to others Aka. Positive reinforcement

Question 29

Verbal irony

Answer 29

Could create humour through possible sarcasm May allow a speaker to assert their opinion in a more memorable way

Question 30

Rhetorical questions

Answer 30

A question which implies its own answer (Eg. Who doesn’t want success?)

Question 31

Hypophora

Answer 31

A rhetorical question that is answered (Who doesn’t want success? All of us want success!)

Question 32

Ideographs

Answer 32

When abstract nouns have emotional impact (Eg. Virtue, peace, happiness)

Question 33

Deixis

Answer 33

Words/ phrases which are context dependent ‘Pointing language’ —> refers to the world outside of the text

Question 34

Exophoric deixis

Answer 34

PRIMARY DEIXIS Occurs when a word/phrase refers to something outside of the discourse (never revealed) Three types: *person *spatial *temporal

Question 35

Person deixis

Answer 35

Pronouns I, you, us, she, he, it + some proper nouns

Question 36

Spatial deixis

Answer 36

Words describing the speaker in space/ in relation to other objects (Eg. Here + there, come + go, this + those + that)

Question 37

Temporal deixis

Answer 37

Words describing the speaker in terms of time (Eg. Now, then, yesterday)

Question 38

Endophoric deixis

Answer 38

SECONDARY DEIXIS Endophoric deictic terms are revealed in the text (unlike exophoric)

Question 39

Anaphoric deixis

Answer 39

Refers to something the text has previously identified (Eg. ‘STEVE ate the apple. HE then drank HIS juice)

Question 40

Cataphoric deixis

Answer 40

Refers to something in the text which has not yet been identified, such as identifying the third person pronoun (Eg. ‘Having finished HIS apple; STEVE then drank HIS juice’)

Question 41

Synchronous

Answer 41

Another term for ‘real time’ Conversation happening NOW- live, on the spot discourse Transcripts analyse spoken in synchronous

Question 42

Asynchronous

Answer 42

Opposite of synchronous- delayed time Many TV programmes are asynchronous

Question 43

Close and Distant

Answer 43

Proximity of the speakers- physically +in time Close- talking face to face Distant- WhatsApp communication (not face to face)

Question 44

Emepheral

Answer 44

Something that is short lived Eg. Texts we may not read again, Snapchat, to do lists

Question 45

Permenant

Answer 45

Opposite of ephemeral A text which can be used over again + has a level of permanency Eg. Contracts, novels