Theories

Question 1

Giles’ Accommodation Theory

Answer 1

Where we adjust speech patterns depending on whom we are speaking to

Question 2

Convergence

Answer 2

Where our speech movers CLOSER to that of another person

Question 3

Divergence

Answer 3

Where our speech moves FURTHER apart from another person

Question 4

Downward Convergence

Answer 4

Involves adjustments in the direction of the speech norms from HIGHER TO LOWER CLASS

Question 5

Upward Convergence

Answer 5

Changes speech norms from LOWER TO HIGHER CLASS

Question 6

Mutual convergence

Answer 6

Where both parties adjust speech patterns to each other’s

Question 7

Fairclough’s Theory

Answer 7

Many social situations are shaped by power dynamics
(Eg. Teacher + student interactions)

Question 8

Synthetic Personalisation

Answer 8

*inclusive language ‘we’ and ‘you’

“A tendency to give the impression of treating each of the people handled in masses as an individual”

Question 9

Informalisation

Answer 9

Over time language has become more informal and personal
*this could be a marketing strategy

Question 10

Power

Answer 10

In most conversations there is a power struggle/ imbalance

Question 11

Trudgill and Lakoff’s Prestige Theory

Answer 11

Women tend to use overt prestige
Men tend to use covert prestige

OUTDATED THEORY
—> Informality is about CONTEXT not gender

Question 12

Barthes’ codes

Answer 12

Hermeneutic/ Enigma code

Proairetic/ Action code

Semantic code

Symbolic code

Cultural code

Question 13

Hermeneutic Code

Answer 13

The code that creates mystery

Question 14

Proairetic Code

Answer 14

The code that creates action + suspense

Question 15

Semantic Code

Answer 15

The code that carries connotations
(eg. If you use ‘white’ imagery to connote innocence)

Question 16

Symbolic Code

Answer 16

The code associated with binary oppositions and symbolism

Question 17

Cultural Code

Answer 17

This refers to anything in the story that refers to an external body of knowledge

(Such as: scientific, historical, cultural knowledge)

Question 18

Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principles

Answer 18

4 maxims for communication to flow smoothly

Quantity

Quality

Relevance/ relation

Manner

Question 19

Quantity

Answer 19

Speaking the right amount

Saying too little or too much would break this maxim

Question 20

Quality

Answer 20

How truthful your utterances are

Lying, sarcasm, metaphors, idioms would break this maxim

Question 21

Relevance/ relation

Answer 21

Speaking relevantly when conversing

Changing the topic agenda would break this maxim

Question 22

Manner

Answer 22

Being clear in what you say

Mumbling, speaking too quietly, using language they don’t understand would break this maxim

Question 23

Breaking a maxim

Answer 23

Flout

Violate

Question 24

Flout

Answer 24

Deliberate breaking of a maxim where those concerned are aware

Question 25

Violate

Answer 25

Where one person is not aware of breaking a maxim, this could be the speaker or anyone involved in the discourse

Question 26

Goffman’s facework

Answer 26

Face- presenting a particular image of ourselves to others when communicating We have the potential to save or break face For a conversation to be cooperative, we avoid breaking face- achieved through politeness strategies

Question 27

Face Threatening Act (FTA)

Answer 27

Created when we break face

Question 28

Face saving act (FSA)

Answer 28

Created when we save face

Question 29

Brown and Levinson’s development

Answer 29

Positive politeness Negative politeness Off the record politeness Bald on record politeness Opting out

Question 30

Positive Politeness

Answer 30

Using language to show solidarity with addressee Achieves positive facework Eg. Complimenting others Broken by: threats, insults, belittling the listener

Question 31

Positive Politeness

Answer 31

Using language to show solidarity with addressee Achieves positive facework Eg. Complimenting others

Question 32

Negative Politeness

Answer 32

Using language to show respect to addressee —> hedging and apologising Negative politeness achieves negative framework Eg. Requests, giving advice, warning, suggestions Broken by: not said in a polite way/ taken the wrong way Negative FTA

Question 33

Off the Record Politeness

Answer 33

Indirect speech acts where an implicature arises Eg. “Wow, it’s really cold in here”

Question 34

Bald on record politeness

Answer 34

Does nothing to minimise the hearer’s ‘face’ Direct way of communication g FTA Usually happen if the tenor is distant Eg. Speaker A is cold and says to speaker B: “close the window, I’m cold”

Question 35

Opting out

Answer 35

Saying nothing Eg. If you want the borrow your friend’s homework but don’t want to threaten their face, you may choose not to ask at all and opt out of the request entirely

Question 36

Eckert and McConnell- Ginet’s Communitiy of Practice

Answer 36

Social identities often lead to community of practices Eg. A class has a shared goal of learning and getting an A-Level qualification —> Mandela created a community of practice with SA citizens via their shared experience of apartheid

Question 37

Aristotle’ Rhetoric Theory

Answer 37

Placed importance on the ‘ART OF PERSUASION’ Language of rhetoric- way of convincing others + having good communication with others Achieved via: *ethos *pathos *logos *kairos

Question 38

Ethos

Answer 38

Speaker/ writers CREDIBILITY + TRUST More like to be peruaded/ convinced if we trust the individual presenting an argument Eg. Adverts endorsed by celebrities/ professionals

Question 39

Pathos

Answer 39

Speaker/ writer’s appeal to EMOTIONS of the audience Eg. Inspiring stories

Question 40

Logos

Answer 40

Speaker/ writer’s appeal to LOGICAL THINKING of the audience Proof/ evidence to form an argument Eg. ‘90% of people say…’

Question 41

Kairos

Answer 41

Refers to the ‘TIMELINESS’ of an argument Eg. ‘Right here, right now’ More persuasive