PRC Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Where is the loop of henle located?
A. Cortex
B. Medulla
A
Medulla
2
Q
Ultrafiltration of plasma occurs in glomeruli located in the renal____
A. Cortex
B. Medulla
A
Cortex
3
Q
Average nephrons/ Kidney
A. 1 million
B. 1.3 million
A
1.3 million
4
Q
Formation of the ultrafiltrate in the glomerulus is driven by
A. Oncotic pressure
B. Hydrostatic pressure
A
Hydrostatic pressure
5
Q
Form the beginning of the venous renal circulation
A. Peritubular capillaries
B. Vasa recta
A
Vasa recta
6
Q
Urine formation begins in
A. Glomerulus
B. Renal Corpuscle
C. Both
A
Both
7
Q
Ultrafiltration is
A. Mechanical
B. Chemical
A
Chemical
8
Q
SG of the bowman’s capsule filtrate
A. 1.010
B. 1.015
A
1.010
9
Q
Glomeruli is far more permeable to water and salt than other capillaries
A. True
B. False
A
True
10
Q
The ability of a solute to cross the glomerular filtration barrier is determined by its plasma concentration
A. True
B. False
A
False
11
Q
Acts as hormone and enzyme??
A
Renin
12
Q
RAAS
A. Constrict afferent arteriole, dilate efferent arteriole
B. Triggers aldosterone and ADH release
A
Triggers aldosterone and ADH release
13
Q
GFR is proportional to the body size and thus varies with age and sex
A. True
B. False
A
True
14
Q
Clearance test sample
A. 24 urine
B. Blood
C. Both
A
Both
15
Q
Sensitive indicator of renal disease, but is not specific for glomerular function
A. Urea
B. Cystatin C
A
Urea
16
Q
Found in HLA; indicator of renal tubular integrity
A. Cystatin C
B. B2 Microglobulin
A
B2 Microglobulin
17
Q
There is no dietary restriction for creatinine clearance
A. True
B. False
A
True
18
Q
Creatinine is dependent on body mass
A. True
B. False
A
True
19
Q
1440 mL in Creatinine clearance formula represents
A. Constant
B. Variable
A
Constant
20
Q
> 140 mL/min creatinine clearance
A. Report as abnormal
B. Request a new sample
A
Request a new sample
21
Q
Not part of Cockgroft and Gault formula
A. Age, Sex, and Body weight
B. Age, Sex, Race, and Body weight
A
Age, Sex, Race, and Body weight
22
Q
70 mL/min GFR (below reference limit 90-120 mL/min)
A. Uremia
B. Not uremia
A
Not uremia
23
Q
Columnar cells with brush border?
A. PCT
B. DCT
A
PCT
24
Q
Renal medulla is
A. Hypertonic
B. Isotonic
C. Hypotonic
A
Hypertonic
25
Tonicity of renal medulla is maintained by:
A. Countercurrent exchange mechanism
B. Urea cycle
Urea cycle
26
The movement of a solute against a gradient
A. Needs carrier protein; cell membrane binding sites
B. Requires little to no energy
Needs carrier protein; cell membrane binding sites
27
Protein is seen in the urine when
A. Plasma concentration is low
B. Maximal reabsorption capacity for protein has been exceeded
Maximal reabsorption capacity for protein has been exceeded
28
Sodium renal threshold
A. 135 mmol/L
B. 120 mmol/L
120 mmol/L
29
Not a threshold substance
A. Amino acid
B. Potassium
Potassium
30
Mechanism for Nephron water reabsorption
A. Osmosis
B. Countercurrent multiplier
A. Osmosis
31
Impermeable to water
A. ALH
B. DLH
ALH
32
Countercurrent multiplication happens in what blood vessel?
A. Peritubular capillaries
B. Vasa recta
Vasa recta
33
In Salt deprivation, the kidneys will conserve the sodium at the expense of
A. Calcium
B. Potassium
Potassium
34
Fluid that enters the collecting duct
A. Isosmotic
B. Hypoosmotic
C. Hyperosmotic
Isosmotic
35
Final concentration of the urine happens in
A. Collecting duct
B. DCT
DCT
36
Not capable of producing ADH
A. Neurogenic DI
B. Nephrogenic DI
Neurogenic DI
37
The patient is deprived of fluid for 24h
A. Mosenthal
B. Fishberg
Fishberg
38
Osmole is one gram molecular weight of solute dissolved in one _____ of solvent
A. Liter
B. Kilogram
Kilogram
39
Contribute to SG but not osmolality
A. NaCL and Urea
B. Protein and Lipids
Protein and Lipids
40
Known standard in freezing point osmolality because it is partially ionized similar to the composition of urine
A. NaCl
B. Urea
NaCl
41
Affects freezing point osmolality but not vapor pressure osmolality
A. Alcohol
B. Protein
Alcohol
42
The difference between tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
A. Direction of movement of substance
B. Cell membrane-binding sites are different for the reabsorption and secretion of a solute
Direction of movement of substance
43
What is the response of the kidney when correcting pH to normal?
A. Rapid
B. Slow
Slow
44
In alkalosis (excess alkali) urine excrete
A. Ammonium ion
B. Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate
45
In RTA, urine is consistently
A. Acidic
B. Alkalinic
Alkalinic
46
Titratable acid
A. Hydrogen phosphate
B. Ammonia
Hydrogen phosphate
47
Safety procedure manuals - must be updated and reviewed ____ by the laboratory____?
Annually, Director
48
Primary objective of biologic safety is preventing the ______ of the chain of infection?
Completion
49
Best way to break the chain of infection?
Hand washing
50
If hands are not visibly soiled, one should do/apply?
Sanitizer / Alcohol
51
Gloves for latex allergy?
non-latex gloves (vinyl, etc.
52
Gloves and gown should always be STERILIZED
True
False
False
53
Last PPE to be removed?
Mask
54
Where should the urine be disposed?
Urine - Sink
Container - Non-biohazard
55
All patients are considered to be possible carriers of bloodborne pathogens?
Universal Precaution
56
What is the disadvantage of BSI (Body Substance isolation)
?
57
Major source of safety info?
MSDS
58
Radiation exposure
?
59
First action to do when someone is in electric shock?
?
60
What hazard is closed-toed shoes?
?
61
What is E in RACE
Evacuate / Extinguish
62
Extinguisher for burning computer?
?
63
Best extinguisher for Type A materials?
Water
64
Proper storage for materials with LOW FLASH POINT?
Cold
65
PDCA stands for
Plan
Do
Check
Act
66
Refers to overall process of guaranteeing quality patient care and is regulated throughout total testing system?
?
67
Refers to all of the laboratory's policies, processes, procedures and resources needed to achieve quality testing
?
68
What variable is technical competence (pre-examination, examination, or post-examination) is defined as the amount of time required from the point at which a test is ordered by the health-care provider until the results are reported to the health-care provider?
?
69
Reagent strips should be checked against known negative and positive control every?
?
70
Calibration of centrifuge performed every ____
3 months
71
Refers to the materials, procedures, and techniques that monitor the accuracy, precision and reliability of a laboratory test:
?
72
Is the ability to maintain both precision and accuracy?
Reliability
73
An abrupt change in the mean?
Shift
74
Ultimate goal of a quality assessment program
A. Ensure the validity of laboratory results
B. Ensure that patient test results are precise
Ensure that patient test results are precise
75
Turnaround time is part of
A. Pre-analytic
B. Analytic
C. Post analytic
Pre-analytic
76
Setting collection guideline is part of
A. Pre-analytic
B. Analytic
C. Post analytic
Pre-analytic
77
Analytical component
A. Testing of specimen
B. Collecting specimen
Testing of specimen
78
A protocol for the way to proceed when quality control results exceed acceptable tolerance limits
A. Reference book
B. Procedure
Procedure
79
Interlaboratory comparison?
A. Evaluate the technical performance of individual laboratory practitioners
B. Evaluate the performance of a laboratory compared with that of other laboratories
Evaluate the performance of a laboratory compared with that of other laboratories
80
Technical competence is displayed when a laboratory practitioner
A. Independently reduces the time needed to perform a procedure (e.g. by decreasing incubation times
B. Recognizes discrepant test results
Recognizes discrepant test results
81
Critical values:
A. Pre-analytic
B. Analytic
C. Post analytic
Post analytic
82
Bacteria are introduced at the time of collection?
A. No effect
B. Increase pH
No effect
83
A urine specimen is dark orange and turns brown after storage in the refrigerator overnight. The technologist requests a new specimen. the second specimen is bright orange and is tested immediately. Which test result would differ between the two specimens?
A. Specific gravity
B. Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen
84
Urine pH: 8
SG: 1.005
(+) Blood
(-) RBC
A. Lysis due alkalinization
B. Hemolytic disease
Lysis due alkalinization
85
The ultrafiltrate has the same composition as blood plasma but it is normally free of ______
A. Protein
B. Creatine
Protein
86
Total renal blood flow:
A. 1500 ml/min
B. 1200 ml/min
1200 ml/min
87
Percent of glomerular filtrate that is actually excreted as Urine
A. 1%; 1 ml/min
B. 2%; 1 ml/min
1%; 1 ml/min
88
Largest component of urine
A. Urea and NaCl
B. Water
Water
89
Major end product of protein amino acid metabolism
A. Ammonia
B. Urea
Urea
*ammonia - deamination
90
Present in much higher concentration in urine than in other body fluids
A. Urea and NaCl
B. Urea and Creatinine
Urea and Creatinine
91
Consistent elimination of 2000ml urine per 24h
A. Normal
B. Polyuria
Polyuria
92
Specimen should be delivered and tested
A. 1 hr
B. 2 hrs
2 hrs
93
Alkalinization of urine is due to
A. Conversion of Urea to Ammonia
B. Loss of bicarbonate to urine
Conversion of Urea to Ammonia
94
Preservation for urine bacterial culture
A. Boric acid
B. Refrigeration
C. Both
Both
95
An excellent sediment preservation
A. Formalin
B. Saccamano
Formalin
96
Specimen of choice for cytology
A. First morning urine
B. Random urine
Random urine
97
Representative of actual urine
A. First morning
B. Midstream clean catch
Midstream clean catch
98
3 Glass collection technique: 2nd tube is positive for bacteria
A. Invalid result
B. UTI
Invalid result
99
Drug specimen is out of range, what is the first thing to do?
A. Recorded and reported
B. Requested a new sample
Recorded and reported
100
For color and clarity
A. White background and good light source
B. Dark background and good light source
White background and good light source
101
Reflects urine concentration
A. Color
B. Clarity
Color
102
Increase urochrome except:
A. After meal
B. Long standing specimen
C. Hyperthyroidism
After meal
103
A single substance can impart different colors to urine depending on the:
A. Amount of the substance present
B. Storage conditions of the urine
C. pH of the urine
D. Structural form of the substance
E. AOTA
AOTA
104
Which among the ff. is a mismatch:
A. Urobilinogen - colorless
B. Bilirubin - Deep yellow
C. Blood - amber
D. Homogentisic acid - Black
Blood - amber
105
Visible particulate matter and through which newsprint can be seen but not read
A. Turbid
B. Cloudy
Cloudy
106
The ff. is pathologic cause of turbidity, except
A. Yeast
B. Bacteria (Fresh urine)
C. Bacteria (Old urine)
Bacteria (Old urine)
107
Soluble in ether
A. Lymph
B. Lipids
C. Chyle
D. AOTA
AOTA
108
SG measurements are not affected by:
A. Solute mass and number
B. Temperature
C. Solute charge
Solute charge
109
Indirect measurement of Density
A. Urinometry and Harmonic oscillation densitometry
B. Refractometry and reagent strip
Refractometry and reagent strip
110
Renal failure
A. Isosthenuria
B. Hyposthenuria
Isosthenuria
111
SG: 1.001
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Not a urine
Not a urine
112
SG: >1.040
A. Radiographic dye and Plasma expanders
B. Mannitol
C. Both a and B
Both a and B
113
Refractive index of a solution is affected by
A. Wavelength of light
B. Size and number of solutes/concentration of solution
C. Temperature of the solution
D. AOTA
AOTA
114
The ff. is true about Refractometry except:
A. 1 to 2 drops urine can be used
B. Fast and easy to perform
C. Measures only ionic solutes
D. No need for temperature correction
Measures only ionic solutes
115
Increase Refractometry but not Osmolality
A. After injection with intravenous pyelogram
B. Uremia
After injection with intravenous pyelogram
116
the pKa of a polyelectrolyte is ______ in proportion to the ionic concentration of the specimen
A. Decreasing
B. Increasing
Decreasing
117
Ketoacidosis:
A. False positive/high urine reagent strip for pH
B. False negative/low urine reagent strip of pH
False positive/high urine reagent strip for pH
118
pH reagent strip is affected by the ff.
A. Glucose
B. Alkaline urine
C. Radiographic dye
Alkaline urine
119
Normal urine odor
A. Ammoniacal
B. Fragrant
C. Both a and b
Fragrant
120
Important electrolyte in duodenum
Bicarbonate
HCO3
121
Affected when urine is unmixed prior to reagent strip application
A. RBC
B. WBC
C. Both a and b
Both a and b
122
Reagent strip deteriorates with the ff. except
A. Moisture
B. Heat
C. Lights
D. NOTA
NOTA
123
Reagent strip should be stored in?
A. Refrigeration
B. Freezer
C. Room temp
Room temp
124
Reagent strip quality control should be done
A. Daily
B. Once each shift by laboratories
Daily
125
Almost all glucose is filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed ________ by the tubules
A. Actively
B. Passively
Actively
126
Pregnancy due to lowering of renal threshold
A. Hyperglycemia
B. Renal Glycosuria
Renal Glycosuria
127
Pancreatitis with increase urine amylase and serum amylase
A. Hyperglycemia
B. Renal glycosuria
Hyperglycemia
128
Glucose specificity in reagent strip is due to
A. Peroxidase
B. Glucose oxidase
C. Both
Glucose oxidase
129
For infants with inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism
A. Benedict's method
B. Glucose reagent strip
Benedict's method
130
Copper reduction/ reducing test is a confirmatory test for glucose reagent strip:
A. True
B. False
False
131
Detected by Blood reagent strip except
A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria and Myoglobinuria
C. Urine Hemosiderin
D. NOTA
Urine Hemosiderin
132
Assoc. to acute renal failure
A. Myoglobin
B. Hemoglobin
C. Hematuria
Myoglobin
133
Rules out intravascular hemolysis
A. Normal haptoglobin
B. Low haptoglobin
Normal haptoglobin
134
Microscopy: 6-10 RBC/hpf
Reagent strip: Negative for blood
A. Hematuria
B. Discrepancy
Discrepancy
135
After blondheim's test, which will stay in the supernatant?
A. Hemoglobin
B. Myoglobin
Myoglobin
136
Most useful in the detection of UTI
A. LE
B. Nitrite
LE
137
2-5 WBC / hpf
A. Detected by LE
B. Not detected by LE
Not detected by LE
138
LE negative
A. Neutrophil and monocytes
B. Trichomonas
C. Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
139
pH 9
A. Reject, presence of detergent
B. Metabolic alkalosis
Reject, presence of detergent
140
pH 4
A. Contamination
B. Cranberry juice
Contamination
141
Increase water ingestion modifies pH
A. True
B. False
False
142
Indicators in pH reagent strip
A. Methyl red and bromthymol blue
Methyl red and bromphenol blue
Methyl red and bromthymol blue
143
Principle of Protein
A. Albumin accept H+, changing the pH
B. Protein cause pH change on the reagent pad
Albumin accept H+, changing the pH
