pre-final anaphy reviewer (endo)

Question 1

“endo”
“krine”

Answer 1

within
to secrete

Question 2

allows cells to communicate with each other to regulate body acts

Answer 2

chemical messenger

Question 3

produced by a specific collection of cells or by glands

Answer 3

chemical messenger

Question 4

secreted by cells in the local area

Answer 4

autocrine

Question 5

it acts locally in nearby cells. secreted by one cell type in the extracellular fluid and affects the surrounding cells.

Answer 5

paracrine

Question 6

secreted by neuron to activate an adjacent cell. travels short distances.

Answer 6

neurotransmitter

Question 7

secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells.

Answer 7

endocrine

Question 8

4 classes of chemical messenger

Answer 8

autocrine
paracrine
neurotransmitter
endocrine

Question 9

10 functions of endocrine system

Answer 9

metabolism
control of food intake ad digestion
tissue development
ion regulation
water balance
heart rate and blood pressure changes
control of blood glucose and other nutrients
control reproductive functions
uterine contractions and milk release
immune system function

Question 10

secretes endocrine cells called “hormones” into the bloodstream.

Answer 10

endocrine glands

Question 11

differences of ES and NS (6)

Answer 11

• NS uses electrical impulses -ES uses chemical signals
• NS is rapid - ES is slow
• electrical impulses travels - ES chemical messenger travels
• NS consists of spinal cord n brain - ES consists of glands
• NS control both voluntary n involuntary - ES involuntary
• NS activates its target quickly - ES longer-lasting effects

Question 12

similarities of NS n ES (2)

Answer 12

both reacts to a stimuli
both helps maintain homeostasis
both sends n receives messages
hypothalamus is linked

Question 13

difference of endocrine nd exocrine

Answer 13

endo-within exo-going out
endo-xducts exo-with ducts

Question 14

“hormon”

Answer 14

set into motion

Question 15

hormones must remain active in the circulation long enough to arrive at their target cells

Answer 15

stability

Question 16

lifespan of a given hormone

Answer 16

half-life-TRH=water soluble
long-life-cortisol=lipid soluble

Question 17

can reach target cells within 2 mins

Answer 17

half life

Question 18

can reach target cells more than an hour

Answer 18

long life

Question 19

hormones must be able to interact to the target cells

Answer 19

communication

Question 20

hormones require chaperone to arrive safely to the target

Answer 20

distribution

Question 21

protects smaller hormones

Answer 21

bounding hormones\binding proteins/chaperone

Question 22

3 characteristics of hormone

Answer 22

stability
communication
distribution

Question 23

chemical nature of hormones

Answer 23

water soluble
lipid soluble

Question 24

can dissolve easily in the blood and circulates as free hormones.

Answer 24

water-soluble

Question 25

can transport to the blood with the help of binding proteins

Answer 25

lipid soluble

Question 26

refers to the control of hormonal release in response to changes. ex. release of insulin

Answer 26

humoral stimuli

Question 27

"bodily fluid"

Answer 27

humor

Question 28

hormone secretion in response to action potentials in neuron. occuring during stress activity

Answer 28

neural stimuli

Question 29

release of a hormone in response to other hormone

Answer 29

hormonal stimuli

Question 30

Allows secretion of other hormones

Answer 30

tropic hormones

Question 31

inhibits secretion of other hormones

Answer 31

inhibiting hormones

Question 32

inhibits secretion of other hormones

Answer 32

inhibiting hormones

Question 33

self-limiting. prevents further hormone secretion once the set point is achieved.

Answer 33

negative feedback

Question 34

self-promoting system whereby hormone increases overtime.

Answer 34

positive feedback

Question 35

portion where a hormone binds

Answer 35

receptor site

Question 36

llows only a specific hormone to bind

Answer 36

specificity

Question 37

consists of ductless glands that secretes hormones into the interstitial fluid.

Answer 37

endocrine glands and hormones

Question 38

richest blood supply

Answer 38

endocrine glands(adrenal n thyroid glands)

Question 39

small gland about a size of pea

Answer 39

pituitary gland

Question 40

2 division of pituitary gland

Answer 40

anterior n posterior pituitary gland

Question 40

2 division of pituitary gland

Answer 40

anterior n posterior pituitary gland

Question 41

made up of epithelial cells.

Answer 41

APG

Question 42

extension of the brain and is composed of nerve cells.

Answer 42

PPG

Question 43

known as body's "master gland"

Answer 43

pituitary gland

Question 44

part of the brain that controls autonomic nervous system. controls apg n ppg

Answer 44

hypothalamus

Question 45

transported through veins to a second capillary bed

Answer 45

neuropeptides

Question 46

releasing hormone - inhibiting hormone -

Answer 46

secretion inhibition

Question 47

target tissue: most tissues that stimulates growth of bones and muscles.

Answer 47

growth hormone

Question 48

too littles gh causes? too much gh causes?

Answer 48

- pituitary dwarfism + gigantism/acromegaly

Question 49

target tissue: thyroid gland and binds to membrane bound receptors on cells of the thyroid gland.

Answer 49

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 50

too little tsh causes? too many tsh ?

Answer 50

-thyroid gland decreases -thyroid gland enlarges

Question 51

target tissue: adrenal cortex and binds to membrane receptor on adrenal cortex cells

Answer 51

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 52

prevents degenerating adrenal cortex

Answer 52

cortisol?/hydrocortisone

Question 53

increases melanin production in melanocytes to make skin darker in color

Answer 53

melanocytes-stimulating hormone

Question 54

bind to receptor of the cells in gonads

Answer 54

gonadotropins

Question 55

primary reproductive organs

Answer 55

gonads

Question 56

target tissue: ovary n testes

Answer 56

luteinizing hormone

Question 57

target tissue: follicle and seminiferous tubules

Answer 57

follicle stimulating hormones

Question 58

target tissue: ovary and mammary glands and testis

Answer 58

prolactin

Question 59

target tissue: kidney

Answer 59

antidiuretic hormone

Question 60

reduced adh release causes? increased adh release?

Answer 60

- large amount of dilute urine + diabetes insipidus (produce large amnt of urine) = excessive loss of water from the blood =loss of important electrocytes

Question 61

target tissue: uterus and mammary gland. causes contraction of smooth muscle cells of the uterus and milk let down from breasts.

Answer 61

ocytoxin

Question 62

given under certain conditions to assist childbirth and constrict uterine blood vessels after childbirth.

Answer 62

pitocin

Question 63

made up of two lobes connected by a narrow band called isthmus. lobes are located just inferior to the larynxx. largest endo gland

Answer 63

thyroid gland

Question 64

target tissue: most cells of the body and regulates the metabolism in the body

Answer 64

thyroid hormone

Question 65

target tissue; bone. secreted when the blood concentration of ca2+ becomes too high

Answer 65

calcitonin

Question 66

excessive thyroid hormone causes? lack of th?

Answer 66

+ hyperthyroidism/ graves's disease - hypothyroidism/ decrease metabolic rate

Question 67

the posterior wall of thyroid gland

Answer 67

parathyroid glsnd

Question 68

pth effects

Answer 68

increase vitamin d production increases blodd calcium level

Question 69

small glands located superior to each kidneys

Answer 69

adrenal glands

Question 70

inner part of adrenal gland? outer?

Answer 70

- adrenal medulla - adrenal cortex

Question 71

target tissue; blood vessel, heart, liver, adipocytes. fight or flight hormone

Answer 71

epinephrine

Question 72

target tissue: kidney (lesser), intestine, and sweat glands. regulates blood volume,level of potassium n sodium. major hormone= aldosterone

Answer 72

mineralocorticoids

Question 73

target tissues: most tissues. major hormone= cortisol

Answer 73

glucocoticoids

Question 74

secreted by the inner layer of adrenal cortex

Answer 74

adrenal androgens

Question 75

consists of pancreatic islets

Answer 75

pancreas

Question 76

3 types of islets

Answer 76

alpha beta delta

Question 77

alpha secretes what beta delta

Answer 77

-glucagon -insulin -somatostatin

Question 78

the inability of tissues to respond to insulin

Answer 78

diabetes mellitus

Question 79

an unintentional autoimmune reaction which the body fights itself that stops the body from making insulin. needs insulin to survive. insulin-dependent

Answer 79

type 1 diabetes

Question 80

body doesn't use insulin well and can't maintain normal blood sugar level. noninsulin-dependent

Answer 80

type 2 diabetes