Pre-Final Leaks

Question 1

What is deformation in geological terms?

Answer 1

The bending, breaking, or flowing of rocks in response to stress

Question 2

What mainly causes deformation in the Earth’s crust?

Answer 2

Horizontal movements of plates

Question 3

What is stress in geological terms?

Answer 3

The force applied per unit area producing deformation

Question 4

What are the two main types of deformation?

Answer 4

Brittle and ductile deformation

Question 5

Which type of deformation involves cracking and breaking of rocks?

Answer 5

Confining deformation

Question 6

What structures are produced by brittle deformation?

Answer 6

Joints and faults

Question 7

How are joints different from faults?

Answer 7

Faults involve appreciable displacement, while joints do not

Question 8

What type of fault involves the hanging wall moving down relative to the footwall?

Answer 8

Normal fault

Question 9

How do domes differ from basins in terms of rock layers?

Answer 9

Domes have older rocks at the center, basins have younger rocks.

Question 10

What is the main difference between anticlines and synclines?

Answer 10

Anticlines are upward bulges, synclines are downward troughs

Question 11

What is the primary purpose of dating in geology?

Answer 11

Determining the age of geologic events

Question 12

Which type of dating places rocks in proper sequence of formation without specifying the exact time?

Answer 12

Relative dating

Question 13

According to the Law of Superposition, what can be inferred about undisturbed strata?

Answer 13

Each layer is younger than the one below and older than the one above

Question 14

What does the Law of Original Horizontality state?

Answer 14

Sediments form strata horizontally

Question 15

If one geologic feature cuts across another, what can be inferred?

Answer 15

The feature that cuts is older

Question 16

What are inclusions in rocks, and what does their presence indicate?

Answer 16

Fragments of another tock, older than the rock containing them

Question 17

What is the purpose of Foxall Succession?

Answer 17

Identifying rock types ?

Question 18

What is an unconformity in geology?

Answer 18

A gap in the rock record due to erosion or non-deposition

Question 19

Among the types of unconformities, which one involves strata with different dip angles?

Answer 19

Angular unconformity

Question 20

What is the main principle of Absolute Dating?

Answer 20

Specifying numerical ages of geologic events

Question 21

What are Isotopes in the context of geology?

Answer 21

Elements with the same atomic number but different atomic mass

Question 22

What is the process of change undergone by unstable radioactive isotopes to become more stable?

Answer 22

Radioactive decay

Question 23

What is a fossil?

Answer 23

Remains or traces of prehistoric life

Question 24

What are the three requirements for fossilization?

Answer 24

Rapid bural, presence of protective cover, possession of hard parts or durable tissues

Question 25

If one geologic feature cuts across another, what can be inferred?

Answer 25

The feature that cuts is older

Question 26

What are inclusions in rocks, and what does their presence indicate?

Answer 26

Fragments of another rock; older than the rock containing them

Question 27

What is the purpose of Fossil Succession?

Answer 27

Identifying rock types ?

Question 28

What is an unconformity in geology?

Answer 28

A gap in the rock record due to erosion or non-deposition

Question 29

Among the types of unconformities, which one involves strata with different dip angles?

Answer 29

Angular unconformity

Question 30

What is the main principle of Absolute Dating?

Answer 30

Specifying numerical ages of geologic events

Question 31

What are isotopes in the context of geology?

Answer 31

Elements with the same atomic number but different atomic mass

Question 32

What is the process of change undergone by unstable radioactive isotopes to become more stable?

Answer 32

Radioactive decay

Question 33

What is a fossil?

Answer 33

Remains or traces of prehistoric life

Question 34

What are the three requirements for fossilization?

Answer 34

Rapid burial, presence of protective cover, possession of hard parts or durable tissues

Question 35

What does the Geologic Time Scale (GTS) represent?

Answer 35

A division of the whole geologic history

Question 36

What is the Precambrian Eon-divided into?

Answer 36

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic

Question 37

Under the Phanerozoic Eon, what are the three eras?

Answer 37

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

Question 38

In the Paleozoic Era, what is the oldest period?

Answer 38

Cambrian

Question 39

Which era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods?

Answer 39

Mesozoic

Question 40

In the Cenozoic Era, which period includes the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs?

Answer 40

Quaternary Period

Question 41

The Precambrian Eon is divided into the Hadean, Archean, and Proterozole eras.

Answer 41

T

Question 42

The Mesozoic Era includes the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods.

Answer 42

F

Question 43

Ductile deformation involves cracking and breaking of rocks.

Answer 43

F

Question 44

Joints involve appreciable displacement, while faults do not.

Answer 44

F

Question 45

Normal faults are associated with compressional stress.

Answer 45

F

Question 46

Anticlines are upward bulges, while synclines are downward troughs.

Answer 46

T

Question 47

Deformation factors include temperature, pressure, deformation rate, and rock composition.

Answer 47

T ?

Question 48

Folds and basins are structures produced by ductile deformation.

Answer 48

T

Question 49

Faults and folds are important for indicating areas of potential earthquakes.

Answer 49

F ?

Question 50

Isotopes are elements with different atomic numbers.

Answer 50

F

Question 51

Relative dating provides numerical ages for geologic events.

Answer 51

F

Question 52

The Law of Original Horizontality states that sediments forming strata are originally deposited vertically.

Answer 52

F

Question 53

The Law of Lateral Continuity suggests that sediments are deposited laterally and continuousty in all directions.

Answer 53

T

Question 54

Inclusions are always older than the rocks that contain them.

Answer 54

T

Question 55

Fossil Succession refers to the vertical succession of rocks in a specific order.

Answer 55

T

Question 56

Unconformities represent periods of rapid deposition.

Answer 56

F

Question 57

An angular unconformity involves strata with the same dip angles.

Answer 57

F

Question 58

Radioactive decay is the process of changing stable isotopes into unstable ones.

Answer 58

F

Question 59

Fossilization requires slow burial, absence of a protective cover, and possession of soft tissues.

Answer 59

F

Question 60

The Geologic Time Scale (GTS) divides Earth’s history based on temperature variations.

Answer 60

F ?

Question 61

Why are faults and folds important in geology?

Answer 61

They indicate areas of potential earthquakes

Question 62

What are the three main types of unconformities?

Answer 62

Angular, Nonconformity, Disconformity

Question 63

Which era includes the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene epochs?

Answer 63

Cenozoic Era

Question 64

What primarily causes deformation in rocks?

Answer 64

horizontal movements of plates

Question 65

Which factor is not a deformation factor influencing rock deformation?

Answer 65

Temperature

Question 66

What structures are produced by ductile deformation?

Answer 66

Folds, basins, domes

Question 67

What type of fault involves the hanging wall moving up relative to the footwall?

Answer 67

Reverse Fault

Question 68

What is the main difference between a syncline and an anticline?

Answer 68

Shape and orientation