Pre-reqs central dogma notes

Question 1

All the DNA for a particular cell or organism

Answer 1

Genome

Question 2

The genome is made up of ___large pieces of DNA complexed with proteins.

Answer 2

chromosomes

Question 3

large pieces of DNA complexed with proteins.

Answer 3

chromosomes

Question 4

Chromosomes are divided into genes which are

Answer 4

segments of DNA.

Question 5

Genes encode proteins – in other words genes what

Answer 5

carry the information telling what amino acids will go in the protein

Question 6

RNA synthesis: a gene’s DNA sequence is used to make a molecule of RNA

Answer 6

transcription

Question 7

Protein synthesis; RNA is used to manufacture a polypeptide, which folds into a protein

Answer 7

translation

Question 8

___contains information about building proteins – which amino acids and in what order

Answer 8

DNA

Question 9

___ makes RNA, to copy the information
___ participates in carrying out translation
_____makes proteins

Answer 9

transcription
rna
translation

Question 10

there is a __ for each gene
Each ___ nucleotide sequence matches up with the sequence of the gene it was made from.
Carries information from DNA to the ribosome.
This information will tell the cell which amino acids to use.

Answer 10

mRNA

Question 11

most RNA is this type
Together with specialized proteins, it makes up the ribosome
Certain ___ are ribozymes – they join together the amino acids during synthesis of the polypeptide.

Answer 11

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 12

‘adaptor’ molecules
There are 20 different ___, one for each amino acid – each ____brings one of the amino acids to the ribosome.
Each ___ matches up to one codon along the mRNA template

Answer 12

Transfer RNA (tRNA) –

Question 13

DNA & RNA are made of ____

Proteins are made of ___

Answer 13

nucleotides

amino acids

Question 14

How does a cell use RNA (a bunch of nucleotides) to specify which amino acids will go into a protein?…

Answer 14

Answer: the genetic code

Question 15

The ____ is the connection between RNA nucleotides & the amino acids used to synthesize protein.
mRNA is divided into groups of 3 nucleotides called ____

Answer 15

genetic code

codons

Question 16

One RNA codon =

Each codon specifies

Answer 16

3 nucleotides

one amino acid.

Question 17

what happens after translation?

Answer 17

Polypeptide folds into a 3D shape to become a protein (ch.2).
Correct folding is crucial for proteins to function!
Wrong shape = altered function or no function

Question 18

___are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Answer 18

Mutations

Question 19

Mutations can be caused by sunlight, chemicals, pollution, X-Rays, nuclear radiation, etc.
How does this affect organisms?

Answer 19

Some mutations are harmful
Some have no effect on the organism
Some are beneficial

Question 20

__ genes help set up the body during development

Answer 20

HOX-useful mutation

Mutations in canine HOX genes lead to variety in body shapes and styles

Question 21

___genes are involved in setting up the throat and larynx.

Answer 21

FOX-useful mutation

Mutations in early human ancestors’ FOX genes allowed for the development of speech (talking) and language.

Question 22

Viruses are made of only

Answer 22

nucleic acid & proteins.

Question 23

Viruses are

Answer 23

parasites