Predation (ch. 12)

Question 1

Why do we have data on population sizes on lynx and hares going back 200 years?

Answer 1

Because of the fur trade that went on in the early 1900s

Question 2

Lynx and Hare populations peak around every ____ years

Answer 2

10

Question 3

Hare populations rise in _______

Answer 3

synchrony

Question 4

Why will a population grow?

Answer 4

Surplus of resources

Question 5

Why will a population decline?

Answer 5

Decrease in resources

Question 6

What happens when thee hares decline?

Answer 6

the lynx decline also because their food supply runs out

Question 7

What happens to food supplies when the hare population density is high

Answer 7

Food supplies becomes limiting

Question 8

What explains the drop in survival rate?

Answer 8

Predation by the lynx and other predators

Question 9

What happens to hare birth rates during decline phase?

Answer 9

they drop

Question 10

What happens to hare numbers after predator numbers plummet?

Answer 10

They rebound

Question 11

Predation

Answer 11

individuals of one species (predators) benefit by feeding on, and directly harming, individuals of another species

Question 12

Carnivory

Answer 12

prey are animals

Question 13

Herbivory

Answer 13

Prey are plants or algae

Question 14

Parasitism

Answer 14

Lives symbiotically on or in their prey (its host) and consumes certain tissues; may not kill the host. some parasitic pathogens cause disease.

Question 15

Example of an herbivore

Answer 15

elephant

Question 16

Parasitoids

Answer 16

Insects that lay eggs on or in another insect host. After hatching, larvae remain in the host, which they eat and usually kill.

Question 17

a host is a great ____ for a parasitoid, why?

Answer 17

Niche, because the host is a home and food source to the parasitoid.

Question 18

Some predators subdue prey with _____ and ____ into their environment

Answer 18

poisons, blend

Question 19

Some predators can _____ or _____ chemicals made by prey

Answer 19

detoxify, tolerate

Question 20

Adaptations to escape being eater

Answer 20

Large size
rapid movement
body armor

Question 21

Warning coloration (aposematic)

Answer 21

predators learn not to eat brightly colored organisms because they tend to be toxic

Question 22

Crypsis

Answer 22

prey are camo and resemble its background

Question 23

mimicry

Answer 23

prey resemble another organism that is toxic or very fierce

Question 24

masting

Answer 24

when plants produce a large number of seeds in one year and hardly any in the following year

Question 25

compensation

Answer 25

removal of plant tissue stimulates new growth

Question 26

how do plants hide from herbavores?

Answer 26

by producing a great number

Question 27

Plants structural defenses

Answer 27

Tough leaves spines thorns saw-like edges pernicious hairs that pierce the skin

Question 28

Induced defenses

Answer 28

produced in response to herbivore attack

Question 29

secondary compounds

Answer 29

toxic chemicals used to reduce herbivory

Question 30

True/ false: predator populations can cycle with their prey populations

Answer 30

true

Question 31

Where do insights from population cycles come from?

Answer 31

Models experiments field studies of predator-prey interactions

Question 32

When prey abundance is high, how will that effect predators?

Answer 32

Increase in population size

Question 33

What about when prey abundance is low?

Answer 33

Decrease in population

Question 34

When predator abundance is high?

Answer 34

the prey will decline

Question 35

When predator abundance is low?

Answer 35

prey will increase

Question 36

What is the equation for exponential growth

Answer 36

dN/dt= rN

Question 37

dN/dt =

Answer 37

the rate of change in population size at each instant in time

Question 38

r =

Answer 38

exponential population growth rate per capita intrinsic rate of increase

Question 39

Death due to predation= what factors do you think matter?

Answer 39

How many predators how many prey how fast they are how good they are at capturing their prey

Question 40

Equation stating that when prey are abundant, death due to predation will increase

Answer 40

dN/dt=rN-aNP

Question 41

Change in prey population over time: population growth equation for prey - dN/dt=rN-aNP

Answer 41

N= number of prey P= number of predators r= population growth rate a= capture

Question 42

What is the population growth equation for the predator?

Answer 42

dP/dt=baNP-mP

Question 43

b =

Answer 43

efficiency with which prey are converted to predator offspring

Question 44

m =

Answer 44

mortality rate

Question 45

predator birth is dependent on what?

Answer 45

how much predators eat

Question 46

Isocline

Answer 46

Zero population growth line

Question 47

When will prey populations not change?

Answer 47

P=r/a

Question 48

prey population decreases when?

Answer 48

P>r/a

Question 49

prey population increases when?

Answer 49

P

Question 50

Isocline for predator population

Answer 50

N=m/ba

Question 51

predator population increases when

Answer 51

N> m/ba

Question 52

Predator population decreases when

Answer 52

N< m/ba

Question 53

Lotka-Volterra model

Answer 53

suggests that predator-prey populations have an inherent tendency to cycle because the abundance of one population is completely dependent on the abundance of the other population.

Question 54

Three- way feeding relationships

Answer 54

effects of predators and prey on each other, coupled with effects of prey and their food plants on each other

Question 55

factors that can prevent predators from driving prey to extinction:

Answer 55

Habitat complexity and limited predator dispersal (as in Huffaker’s mites) Prey switching (other food sources) in predators Spatial refuges (where predators cannot hunt effectively) Evolutionary changes in prey populations

Question 56

What does stress result in for hares?

Answer 56

The production of cortisol

Question 57

What does cortisol effect