PREFINAL: TISSUE NEMATODES Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Parastrongylus cantonensis common name
A
RAT LUNGWORM
2
Q
1st described in Canton, China by Chen in 1935 from domestic rats
Normally lives in the lung of the Rats
A
Parastrongylus cantonensis
3
Q
Formerly under genus ________
now under genus Parastrongylus
A
Angiostrongylus
4
Q
Single-lobed, kidney
Shaped: well-developed ______
A
Male Adult worm, caudal bursa
5
Q
use for grasping into the body to the female body during copulation
A
caudal bursa
6
Q
female adult worm lay _______ eggs daily (p. cantonensis)
A
15,000 eggs daily
7
Q
“Barber’s Pole”?
A
female adult worm (p. cantonensis)
8
Q
Appearance: uterine tubules wind
spirally in the intestine
A
female adult worm (p. cantonensis)
9
Q
color of uterus of female adult worm
A
white
10
Q
color of digestive tract of female adult worm
A
red
11
Q
Infective stage of Molluscan Ih
(intermediate host of Parastrongylus)
A
1st stage larvae
12
Q
Infective stage of rats and humans
A
3rd stage larvae
13
Q
3rd stage larvae occur in???
A
brain
14
Q
Penetrates the stomach to reach
bloodstream to access CNS
A
3rd stage larvae (12 days)
15
Q
Undergo_____ molts to reach maturity – Adult worm
A
2
16
Q
After final molt (Host: Rat) the young
adult migrate in ___________ to complete development
A
pulmonary arteries
17
Q
Definitive hosts of Parastrongylus cantonensis
A
Rats
18
Q
Intermediate hosts of Parastrongylus cantonensis
A
Mollusks
19
Q
What are the mollusks
A
Acatina fulica
Hemiplecta sagittifera
Helicostyla macrostoma
Vagiilus plebeius
Veronicella altae
20
Q
GIANT AFRICAN SNAIL
A
Acatina fulica
21
Q
Paratenic hosts of Parastrongylus cantonensis
A
freshwater prawn/crabs
22
Q
accidental host of Parastrongylus cantonensis
A
human
23
Q
transmission is via
- Ingestion:
A
o Raw mollusk (ESCARGOT)
o Leafy vegetables (with mucus of
mollusks)
o Ingestion of prawn/crab
o Contaminated water
24
Q
Adult worm lives in the______ and right ventricle of normal definitive host – RATS
A
pulmonary arteries
25
Female worm lays egg and it will hatched in the __________ of the rats – yield the 1st stage larvae
terminal branch of pulmonary arteries
26
Infective stage (humans & rats) of Parastrongylus cantonensis
3rd stage larvae
27
diagnostic stage of Parastrongylus cantonensis
Larvae migrate to brain
28
disease association of Parastrongylus cantonensis
Primary Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis
29
Incubation Period of Parastrongylus cantonensis (primary eosinophilic meningoencephalitis)
6-15 days
30
Meninges (diagnosis of Parastrongylus cantonensis)
Charcot-Leyden Crystals
31
in blood (diagnosis of Parastrongylus cantonensis)
eosinophilia (7%-36%)
32
CSF (diagnosis of Parastrongylus cantonensis)
Eosinophils (>10%) and monocytes
100-1000 WBC/uL
Mildly elevated proteins
Normal glucose
33
post-mortems (diagnosis of Parastrongylus cantonensis)
Immature worms in cerebrum/cerebellum
34
Dot-blot ELISA (100% sensitive)
specimen: blood (used in epidemiological survey)
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) and PCR
35
Treatment of Parastrongylus cantonensis
Mebendazole and Albendazole (China, Taiwan and Thailand)
36
Trichinella spiralis common names
trichina worm, muscle worm, great imitator
37
Trichinella spiralis can cause
trichinellosis
38
Most adaptive in domestic and wild
pigs
trichinella spiralis
39
adult worm occur in the???
small intestine
40
conical papillae (copulatory
appendage)
Male adult worms
41
- Coiled/ club shaped uterus
- Viviparous (gives birth to live
larvae): lives on 30 days
- 1,500 larvae (lifetime)
female adults worm
42
(gives birth to live larvae)
viviparous
43
Female adult worm can make?? (t. spiralis)
1,500 larvae (lifetime)
44
- Diagnostic and infective stage
- In muscle fibers
- Spear-like, burrowing anterior tip
ENCYSTED STAGE
45
Definitive and Intermediate hosts
Via ingestion of:
Raw/ Undercooked meats
46
maturation of trichinella spiralis adult worm
2 days
47
adult worm life span
5-7 days post-infection
48
Life span in small bowel of trichinella spiralis adult worm
4 weeks
(after 1 week, female will released larvae and this will migrate to striated muscle where they encyst
After 3 weeks, they will start to coil into their individual cyst
49
Encapsulation of trichinella worm
4-5 weeks after infection
50
Ave. life span of encysted larvae of t. spiralis
5-6 years and survived for up to 40 years in humans
51
pigs and anthrophophilic
(human-loving) rodents/ horses
domestic cycle
52
bears, moose, wild boars
sylvatic cycle
53
Cardinal signs (primary or major
symptoms) of trichinellosis
- Severe myalgia
- Periorbital edema
- Eosinophilia
54
> 10 larvae
asymptomatic (light infection)
55
150 – 500 larvae
symptomatic
56
1,000 – 3,000 larvae
severe infection
57
incubation and intestinal invasion
ENTERIC PHASE
58
larval migration and muscle invasion (immunological, pathological and metabolic reaction – inflammatory reaction) eosinophilia, releasing of inflammatory substances: histamine, serotonin, bradychinin, prostaglandins – which result in increased vascular permeability
INVASION PHASE
59
encystment and encapsulation (fever, weakness, pain of patient)
CONVALESCENT PHASE
60
muscle biopsy
0.2 – 0.5g of muscle tissue
(+) larva
61
- digestive muscle (limited to larvae 10-12 days old or 2-3 weeks post-infection)
Definitive diagnosis
HCI and PEPSIN
62
blood diagnosis of trichinella spiralis
Eosinophilia
63
Increased muscle enzymes:
o Creatine phosphokinase
o Lactate dehydrogenase
o Myokinase
ENZYMES
64
OTHER CHEMISTRIES
Total IgE – elevated
65
LATEX AGGLUTINATION
Rapid diagnosis (<1HR)
66
RECOMMENDED diagnosis test for trichinella spiralis
ELISA
67
Confirmation of ELISA results
WESTERN BLOT
68
Skin test made from Trichinella LARVAE ANTIGEN + SALINE
(+) WHEAL AND FLARE REACTION
(reddiness and inflammation)
BACHMAN INTRADERMAL TEST
69
treatment for trichinella spiralis
MEBENDAZOLE and ALBENDAZOLE
70
COOKING OF THE MEAT
77C (170 F)
71
STORAGE (freezing)
____ for 20 DAYS
____ for 6 DAYS
-15 C
-30 C
72
SMOKING, DRYING MEAT IS
INEFFECTIVE
73
ANIMAL MONITORING
Meat inspection
Serological tests for animals
Rat free pens
Proper disposal of carcasses
74
DOG & CAT ROUNDWORM
Toxocara canis and cati
75
From stray dogs (T. canis) and Cats (T. cati)
toxocara canis and cati
76
From stray dogs (T. canis) and Cats (T. cati)
toxocara canis and cati
77
(resistance to freezing, moisture and pH levels – 1 year) - INFECTIVE STAGE
EMBRYONATED EGGS
78
(resistance to freezing, moisture and pH levels – 1 year) - INFECTIVE STAGE
EMBRYONATED EGGS
79
ADULT FEMALES of toxocara lay???
200,000 eggs daily
80
Can be transmitted transplacental or transmammary routes
- Mainly for predation transmission
encysted stage
81
DOG ASCARID
t. canis
82
PARATENIC HOSTS (non-canid):
Rabbits, chicken, cattle, sheep
- Earthworms, invertebrates
ants, other
83
cat ascarid
t. cati
84
ACCIDENTAL HOSTS of toxocara
human
85
Diagnostic stage of toxocara
3RD STAGE LARVAE migrate in tissues
86
infective stage of toxocara
Embryonated eggs
87
larvae will migrate to lungs (bronchial tree) and esophagus where they will be swallowed back to gastrointestinal tract
younger cat and dog
88
Adult worm developed and lay eggs in small intestine
gastrointestinal
89
- Patent: egg producing infection
- Larvae goes to tissue (encyst)
older dogs
90
- Patent: egg producing infection
- Larvae goes to tissue (encyst)
older dogs
91
Encysted larvae can reactivate during late gestation (pregnant)
female dogw
92
major route
Transplacental
93
minor route
transmammary
94
larvae will penetrate the intestinal wall and carry through circulation (liver, heart, lungs, brain, muscle and eyes)
humans
95
T. canis CASES ARE FEWER
TOXOCARIASIS
96
- Migration and death of larvae to tissues and organs
- Inflammation and eosinophilic granulomas
- Liver, lungs, CNS, eyes
VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS/ VLM
97
- May coexist with VLM - Unilateral visual impairment
- Strabismus (duling)
- Blindness (most serious)
OCULAR LARVA MIGRANS/ OLM
98
Less specific and Asymptomatic
COVERT TOXOCARIASIS/ CoTOX
99
- One causes of ENCEPHALITIS
- migration of larva to the brain, may show in CSF
NEUROLOGIC TOXOCARIASIS
100
Definitive diagnosis for toxocara
BIOPSY (time consuming and difficult)
101
SEROLOGIC testing for toxocara
- IgG ELISA KITS for Toxocara
- EXCRETORY-SECRETORY ANTIGENS
102
used animal models for toxocara
pcr
103
treatment for toxocara
MEBENDAZOLE ALBENDAZOLE
104
Dracunculus medinensis common names
DRAGON WORM, MEDINA WORM, GUINEA WORM
105
“FIERY SERPENT” of the Israelites plagued in the red sea
Dracunculus medinensis
106
Longest nematode of man
Dracunculus medinensis
107
smaller and rare adult worm of dracunculus medinensis
male adult
108
- Migrates to subcutaneous tissue after mating (skin of extremities) – DIAGNOSTIC STAGE
female adult worm
109
- Tail: 1/3 of body length
- DIAGNOSTIC STAGE
- Ruptured ulcers immersed in cool water reveals this larvae
- Consumed by intermediate hosts
1ST STAGE (rhabditiform larva)
110
- In the intermediate host
- INFECTIVE STAGE
3RD STAGE of dracunculus medinensis
111
- DEFINITIVE HOSTS
- Via ingestion of water contaminated with infected copepods (FRESHWATER FLEAS)
humans
112
- INTERMEDIATE HOSTS
- Harbors 3rd stage larvae
COPEPODS
113
Symptoms associated with allergic reactions
Unsuccessful attempts to remove an entire worm may result to partial worm being left – additional allergic reaction and nodule formation
DRACUNCULOSIS/ DRACUNCULIASIS
114
Observing ulcers for emergence of worms
RECOVERY OF ADULT WORMS
115
Reveals 1st stage larva
RUPTURE OF ULCERS BY COOL WATER
116
treatment of dracunculus medinensis
Total worm removal (winding of stick)
117
CONTROL/ PREVENTION of dracunculus medinensis
Properly treated water (boiling)
