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PRELIM: INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

_________

 Prefix “______” means besides, near, closely related
 Includes scientific study of life cycle and reproductive behavior, the ways in which they cause disease and the importance of the laboratory for diagnosis and methods of halting their multiplication.

A

PARASITOLOGY
PARA

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2
Q

 is the study of important parasites which causes diseases to humans (classification, symptoms, disease, lifecycle, transmission, treatment).

A

CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY

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3
Q

The living together of unlike organisms.

A

Symbiosis

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4
Q

SYMBIOSIS 3 FORMS:

A
  • Commensalism
  • Mutualism
  • Parasitism
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5
Q

___________

 Relationship that gives benefit to the parasite, but without reciprocating and without giving injury to the host
 Example: ________

A

COMMENSALISM, Entamoeba coli

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6
Q

_________
 Relationship that is beneficial to both parasite and its host
 Example: ________

A

MUTUALISM, flagellate and termite

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7
Q

____________
 Relationship that is beneficial to one (parasite) at the expense of the other (host).
 Example: ________

A

PARASITISM, Entamoeba histolytica

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8
Q

any living organism form which a parasite obtains nourishment and protection.

A

Host

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9
Q

kinds of host

A

 Definitive Host
 Intermediate Host
 Paratenic Host
 Reservoir Host

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10
Q

__________
 Harbors the sexual or the adult stage of the life cycle of a parasite
 Example: ________

A

DEFINITIVE HOST, human

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11
Q

__________
 Harbors the asexual or the larval stage of the larval stage of the parasite
 Example: ________

A

INTERMEDIATE HOST, snail

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12
Q

___________
 Harbors a parasite that lives within or on body surface long enough to serve as the source of infection
 Host other than a human that may also be parasitized by the same stage(s) of the parasite as humans
 Example: _________

A

RESERVOIR HOST, Mary Mallon

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13
Q

________
 A host that harbors the infective larval stage of a parasite in which no essential growth or development takes place.
 Serves as a means of transport for the infective larval stage to reach its final host.
 Example: ________

A

PARATENIC HOST, Cats and dogs

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14
Q

responsible for transmitting the parasite one host another.

A

Vectors

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15
Q

_________
 It transmits the parasites only after the parasite has completed its development within the host.
 Essential part in the life cycle of the parasite.
 Example: __________

A

BIOLOGICAL VECTOR, Aedes mosquito - Lymphatic filariasis

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16
Q

_________
 Only transport the parasites
 Example: _______

A

MECHANICAL VECTOR, flies and cockroaches

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17
Q

any organisms that lives inside or of the body surface pf another organism (host) which is usually larger organism that provides physical protection (shelter) and nourishment (food) for survival.

A

Parasites

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18
Q

 Parasites that live inside the host’s body.
 Infection

A

Endoparasite

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19
Q

 Parasites that live outside the host’s body.
 Infestation

A

Ectoparasite

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20
Q

A parasite is considered ______ when it’s found in an organ that is not its usual habitat.

A

ERRATIC

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21
Q

WHAT ARE THE PARASITES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ITS HOST

A
  • Obligate Parasite
  • Facultative Parasite
  • Accidental Parasite
  • Permanent Parasite
  • Temporary Parasite
  • Spurious Parasite
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22
Q

They need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate
their species.

A

OBLIGATE PARASITE

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23
Q

 It may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises.

A

FACULTATIVE PARASITE

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24
Q

It establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live.

A

ACCIDENTAL PARASITE

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25
It remains in the body of the host for its entire life.
PERMANENT PARASITE
26
It lives on the host only for a short period of time.
TEMPORARY PARASITE
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It is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.
SPURIOUS PARASITE
28
The process of inoculating an infective agent
Exposure
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It connotes the establishment of the infective agent in the host.
Infection
30
It harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms.
Carrier
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 The period between protection and evidence of symptoms.  Clinical Incubation
Incubation Period
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 The period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.  Biologic Incubation Period
Pre-Patent Period
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 It results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.  Enterobiasis (kigwa)
AUTO-INFECTION
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Sources of infection
 Contaminated Soil and Water - MOST  Lack of sanitary toilets  Use of night soil or human excreta as fertilizer  Water  Food  Consumption of undercooked or raw freshwater fish  Raw crabs  Arthropods  Cats  Rats
35
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Foodborne
CESTODES TREMATODES Intestinal Protozoans
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MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Drinking contaminated water
 Entamoeba histolytica  Giardia lamblia
37
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Ingesting raw or improperly cooked freshwater fish
CLONORCHIS OPISTHORCHIS HAPLORCHIS
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MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Skin exposure to soil
HOOKWORMS STRONGYLOIDES
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MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Enter skin via water
SCHISTOSOMA
40
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Anthropods
MALARIA FILARIASIS LEISHMANIASIS TRYPANOSOMIASIS BABESIOSI
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MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Congenital transmission
TOXOPLASMA GONDIL ANCYLOSTOMA STRONGYLOIDES
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MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Inhalation of Airborne Eggs
Enterobius
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MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Sexual intercourse
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
44
INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
 Class  Orders  Families  Genera  Species
45
The study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease.
Epidemiology
46
The number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time.
Incidence
47
 The number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time.  Usually expressed as percentage
prevalence
48
The percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite.
Cumulative Prevalence
49
 It refers to burden of infection that is related to the number of worms per infected person.  It can be measured directly or indirectly  Worm burden  Directly = Counting expelled worms during treatment  Indirectly = Counting helminth eggs excreted in the feces (# of eggs/gram)
intensity of infection
50
Clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individual's well-being
Morbidity
51
The use of anthelmintic drugs in an individual or a public health program.
Deworming
52
 It refers to the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on examination of stool or urine sample using a procedure at a deworming.  Usually expressed as percentage.
Cure Rate
53
- It is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after a treatment.
EGG REDUCTION RATE
54
It involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection, or based on presumptive grounds.
SELECTIVE TREATMENT
55
It is a group-level deworming where the group to be treated may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status.
TARGETED TREATMENT
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It is a population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics.
UNIVERSAL TREATMENT
57
It is the regular, systematic, large- scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infections.
PREVENTIVE CHEMOTHERAPY
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 It refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention.  It could be the percentage of school- age children treated during a treatment day.
COVERAGE
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 It is the effect of a drug against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context.
EFFICACY
60
 It is a measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, Immunological, and epidemiological determinants.  Qualitative and Quantitative diagnostic tests  Cure Rate & Egg Reduction Rate
EFFECTIVENESS
61
It is a genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose.
DRUG RESISTANCE
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 It is the avoidance of illness caused by infections.  It may be achieved by periodically deworming individuals or groups, known to be at risk of morbidity.
MORBIDITY CONTROL
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It is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or Intermediate host propagation and reducing contact between humans and the Infective agent.
INFORMATION EDUCATION COMMUNICATION
64
 It involves interventions to reduce environmental health risks.  It also involves the control of vectors, intermediate hosts, and reservoirs of disease.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
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 It is the provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta.  It is usually combined with access to safe drinking water
SANITATION
66
 Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidences of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts.
DISEASE ERADICATION
67
It is a reduction to zero of the incidences of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts.
DISEASE ELIMINATION

PARASITOLOGY (12 decks)

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