prefirst 4

Question 1

My husband
is old enough
to remember
the invention of
the colour television.

Answer 1

it’s hard to believe
the ninety-five-year-old
was introduced to her first tablet
just six months ago.

Question 2

I love
online shopping

Answer 2

her fingers
dance across the screen of
an iPad.

Question 3

to browse or scroll on a touchscreen device (like a phone or tablet). The word “tapping” refers to touching the screen to select or view items, typical behavior when shopping online with a touchscreen device.

ضربه زدن روی لیستی از ژاکت‌ها در یک وب‌سایت. ()

Answer 3

tapping
through a list of jackets
on a website.

Question 4

an eighteen-year-old
business student

Answer 4

خانم مسنی داره آنلاین خرید می کنه و به لیستی از کتهای زنانه نگاه می کنه و میگه

That’s a nice style.
It’s not for me-
it’s
for my daughter,
who
is getting married.

Question 5

means that Behzad is sitting or standing next to the speaker, and they are both in the living room of the speaker’s flat (apartment).

Answer 5

Beside me
in the living room of my flat
is Behzad.

Question 6

I am
so patient
with me.

Answer 6

She’s guiding
the elderly lady.

Question 7

She is
so patient
with me.
I’m
very slow.

patient with

Answer 7

l’m not
terribly good at
the email
yet.

good at

terribly good at

Question 8

your hands start to tremble or shake, usually uncontrollably.

This can happen for several reasons, such as:

Nervousness or anxiety

Fear

Excitement

Cold

Answer 8

my hands
get shaky.

Question 9

it’s
easy to use.

Answer 9

I think
that’s why I like it.

Question 10

On my knee
is a notebook.

Answer 10

‘I don’t get out
very much

Question 11

elderly lady

خانم مسن

Answer 11

My enthusiasm
for working
has developed.

Question 12

Gladys’s enthusiasm
for the internet
has developed
because of a special project
called Click!

Answer 12

It is designed
to improve
digital skills
among
the over-sixty-fives.

Question 13

Apparently,
more than
4 million people
in this age group
have never been
online.

Answer 13

Volunteers
aged between
sixteen and twenty-five
work regularly
with residents
in many UK care homes.

Question 14

Most of the residents
are elderly,
lonely
and frail-

frail /freɪl/ adjective:
(of a person) weak and delicate. = weakend = infirm

Answer 14

and the project organisers
hope that
improving
their digital skills
will help them
feel better
and stronger.

Question 15

Read
the questionnaire
and
answer
the questions.

questionnaire
/ˌk(w)ɛstʃəˈnɛː/
noun = form = test = exam

Answer 15

Then
work in pairs
and compare
your answers.

Question 16

can you
name an animal
your country
is famous for?

Answer 16

can you
name
a dangerous animal
in your country?

Question 17

can you
nam an animal
that
has become extinct?

extinct
/ɪkˈstɪŋ(k)t,ɛkˈstɪŋ(k)t/
adjective:
(of a species, family, or other group of animals or plants) having no living members; no longer in existence = vanished: disappear suddenly and completely

Answer 17

can you
name
a common wild animal
in your country?

country
/ˈkʌntri/
noun

Question 18

can you
name
a rare wild animal
in your country?

Answer 18

can you
name
an endangered animal?

endangered
/ɪnˈdeɪn(d)ʒəd,ɛnˈdeɪn(d)ʒəd/
adjective
(of a species) seriously at risk of extinction.
“legislation to protect endangered species”

Question 19

can you
name
an animal
that you are scared of?

Answer 19

can you
name
a popular pet
in your country?

Question 20

Read
the sentences
and
check that
you understand
the meaning of
the words
in italics.

Answer 20

Then
complete the sentences with
the words
in the box.

Question 21

…… usually
has six legs
and most
have wings.

wing
/wɪŋ/
noun
plural noun: wings
بال (پرنده)

Answer 21

A(n) …………………….. has feathers
and a beak.

beak
/biːk/
noun
نوک، منقار (پرنده)

Question 22

A(n) ……………………..
often
has hair or fur,
paws
and claws.

fur /fəː/ noun
1. the short, fine, soft hair of certain animals. = خز = hair = wool

paw /pɔː/ noun
plural noun: paws
an animal’s foot having claws and pads. = پنجه

claws /klɔː/ noun
plural noun: claws = چنگال حیوان مثل ناخن ها ی تیز خرس و گربه

Answer 22

A(n) …………………….. has scales
and fins.

fin /fɪn/ noun
plural noun: fins
باله مثل باله ی کوسه یا ماهی ها

scale /skeɪl/ noun
plural noun: scales
پولک ماهی

Question 23

A(n) ……………………..
lives
on land
and in water
and needs sun
to warm its skin.

Answer 23

Match
the sentences
in Activity 2 (1-5)
to the photos (A-E).

Question 24

Think of another sentence to describe the animals in photos A-E.

Answer 24

Then share your sentences with the class.

Question 25

Can you think of any inventions that have copied things from nature?

Answer 25

Example: helicopter- inspired by dragonfly's wings. dragonfly /ˈdraɡ(ə)nflʌɪ/ noun سنجاقک

Question 26

Listen to an interview with a film-maker called Cathy Burrows talking about a documentary on inventions inspired by nature.

Answer 26

Does she mention any of your ideas from Activity 5?

Question 27

Listen again and choose the best answer.

Answer 27

In the recording, the answers will come from the main speaker, but the interviewer's questions can help you follow the conversation and know when an answer is coming. Remember that the questions are in the same order as the information in the recording.

Question 28

Cathy made the documentary because she wanted to inspire other film-makers. inspire /ɪnˈspʌɪə/ verb

Answer 28

Cathy made the documentary because she wanted to share what she had learnt.

Question 29

Cathy says that car designers were inspired by a fish because of the way it swims or the speed It travels at.

Answer 29

Cathy says that the design of the bullet train copied the feathers of an owl in order to achieve reduction in noise. bullet train: noun informal a Japanese high-speed passenger train.

Question 30

Cathy says that the design of the bullet train copied the feathers of an owl in order to achieve a more streamlined appearance. streamlined /ˈstriːmlʌɪnd/ adjective streamlined appearance : designed or arranged in a way that makes movement easier through air or water

Answer 30

Cathy says that the design of the bullet train copied the feathers of an owl in order to achieve an increase in speed.

Question 31

The swimming costume that Cathy talks about was made of shark skin.

Question 32

Cathy feels that Harare's Eastgate Centre is special because it's energy-efficient. energy-efficient: using less energy to perform the same task.

Answer 32

Cathy feels that Harare's Eastgate Centre is special because it looks like a giant ants'tower. giant: = titanic /tʌɪˈtanɪk/ = gigantic /dʒʌɪˈɡantɪk/ = enormous /ɪˈnɔːməs/

Question 33

Cathy feels that Harare's Eastgate Centre is special because it uses the same materials as ants' nests. nest /nɛst/ noun plural noun: nests: = roos /ruːst/ = birdhouse

Answer 33

What surprised Cathy about the spy plane she mentions was the way it stores visual information.

Question 34

What surprised Cathy about the spy plane she mentions was its movement through the air.

Answer 34

What surprised Cathy about the spy plane she mentions was the animal it was based on.

Question 35

Complete the table with words from the recording.

Answer 35

Which words have the same form for both the verb and noun?

Question 36

Look at the audio script on page 200 to check your answers.

Answer 36

My grandfather was an amazing naturalist and was a great inspiration to everyone who worked with him. naturalist /ˈnatʃ(ə)rəlɪst/ noun 1. an expert in or student of natural history. inspiration /ˌɪnspɪˈreɪʃn/

Question 37

The early documentaries had an influence on my dad, who decided to become a zoologist. zoologist /zəʊˈɒlədʒɪst/ noun = zoologist /zəʊˈɒlədʒɪst/ noun: an expert in or student of the behaviour, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals. جانورشناس

Answer 37

We need to put up a notice to inform people that dogs should not be walked near the birds' nests. put up: phrasal verb of put = build = display: به نمایش گذاشتن

Question 38

Scientists have observed a reduction in the number of deer in this area. deer /dɪə/ noun گوزن The plural form of deer is also deer

Answer 38

There was an attack by a wild pig on a boy in the forest near here last week. piglet /ˈpɪɡlɪt/ noun plural noun: piglets a young pig. بچه خوک

Question 39

The design of the safari park is excellent and lets people see animals in their natural habitat. habitat /ˈhabɪtat/ noun: the natural home

Answer 39

What other lessons do you think we can learn from animals?

Question 40

Several years ago a strong sticky tape was developed by scientists at Manchester University. sticky tape noun transparent adhesive tape. چسب نواری

Answer 40

It is called gecko tape, after the lizard. lizard /ˈlɪzəd/ noun a reptile that typically has a long body and tail. مارمولک = gecko

Question 41

Geckos are known for their ability to climb anywhere and this is because of millions of tiny hairs on their feet that help them to hold on to different surfaces.

Answer 41

Is hair singular or plural? Depending on context, the plural form of hair can be hair or hairs. It is singular when it refers to an entire head of hair (brown hair, blonde hair, curly hair). the noun hair is normally uncountable in English. It can be countable only when referring to individual hairs

Question 42

Gecko tape is now beeing used all over the world but it isn't the only invention that has been inspired by geckos.

Answer 42

It will allow them to grip onto. grip onto: to hold something tightly.

Question 43

Giant ants keep their towers at the same temperature.

Answer 43

Scientists are studying insects at this very moment.

Question 44

Designers borrowed the shape of the kingfisher's beak for the bullet train. kingfisher is a kind of bird.

Answer 44

Nature has inspired some of man's most successful inventions.

Question 45

Swimmers will not break these records for many years.

Answer 45

They designed the new spy plane a year ago.

Question 46

What problems are affecting wild animals in the world today?

Answer 46

Should we try to protect all endangered animals?

Question 47

Here are some ways to protect endangered animals.

Answer 47

Talk to each other about whether these are good ways to protect endangered animals.

Question 48

Are these good ways to protect endangered animals?

Answer 48

Listen to two students doing the task. Do they mention any of your points from Activity 2?

Question 49

What do you mean exactly?

Answer 49

Sorry, could you repeat that again?

Question 50

When you say 'strong laws', do you ......................... . heavy fines for people who don't obey?

Answer 50

Sorry, I don't .......................... .

Question 51

Sorry, would you .......................... repeating that, please?

Answer 51

So. are you ......... that you think that's the best way?

Question 52

Sorry, I didn't ........ that.

Answer 52

Do you think nature documentaries are a good way of teaching people about endangered animals? Why? Why not?

Question 53

Some people say that we care more about animals than we do about people.

Answer 53

Why do you think they say this?

Question 54

Is there anything that each of us can do to help protect the environment?

Answer 54

Do you think our environmental problems are going to get better or worse in the future? Why?

Question 55

The project also helps build new relationships and understanding across generations. project: noun /ˈprɒdʒɛkt/ across generations

Answer 55

It connects local young people with the elderly. connect ... with ...

Question 56

For an hour every week for twelve weeks, they go into care homes to help the residents use computers. go into: phrasal verb of go. 1.to enter. 2. to start a career in.

Answer 56

From online banking to shopping, games, emails and video calls, to friends and relatives abroad, each session is specially designed for each person, When the course is finished, many volunteers continue to visit because they have made lifelong friendships. lifelong friendships: Someone that you connect with, who you think you will be friends with forever. Not necessarily someone you see or talk to every day;

Question 57

Laura read about the project online. 'I have family members who have been in care homes and I wanted to do some voluntary work, so I thought, "Why not?"' she says. 'At the beginning people were a little worried by it. We did a group session and lots of people came -but quite a few didn't think it was right for them.' Gladys, looks up from her shopping and says, 'f think some of them were a bit scared- it was too much to understand.' In the end, seven residents at her home joined the project, helped by four students from a nearby school.

Answer 57

she says: 'At the beginning people were a little worried by it.

Question 58

We did a group session and lots of people came - but quite a few didn't think it was right for them.'

Answer 58

Gladys, looks up from her shopping and says, "I think some of them were a bit scared- it was too much to understand.

Question 59

In the end, seven residents at her home joined the project, helped by four students from a nearby school. nearby adjective /ˈnɪəbʌɪ/ not far away; close.

Question 60

a condition clause (if clause) + a main clause (result). A condition clause (if clause): can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence.

Answer 60

When if clause comes at the beginning, separate it from the main clause with a comma (,).

Question 61

If you mix red and yellow, you get orange.

Answer 61

Zero Conditional: what always happens / a natural consequence if (when)+ present simple+ comma + present simple. When if clause comes at the beginning, separate it from the main clause with a comma (,).

Question 62

If you leave ice in the sunshine, it melts.

Answer 62

Zero Conditional: what always happens / a natural consequence if (when) + present simple+ comma + present simple. When if clause comes at the beginning, separate it from the main clause with a comma (,).

Question 63

When you heat chocolate, it melts.

Answer 63

Zero Conditional: what always happens / a natural consequence if (when) + present simple+ comma + present simple. When if clause comes at the beginning, separate it from the main clause with a comma (,).

Question 64

If I pass my driving test, I will take everyone out for a drive.

Answer 64

firs conditional: if (when)+ present simple+ will/can 1. Something that is likely to happen if something else happens first. 2. to make a threat or promise.

Question 65

If I finish work early today_ I can help you with your English project.

Answer 65

firs conditional: if (when)+ present simple+ will/can 1. Something that is likely to happen if something else happens first. 2. to make a threat or promise.

Question 66

If you don't give me my bike back, I will tell my dad.

Answer 66

firs conditional: if (when)+ present simple+ will/can 1. Something that is likely to happen if something else happens first. 2. to make a threat or promise.

Question 67

I will buy you an Ice cream if you are good. Tip: We didn't use a comma here, because if clause came in the end of the sentence.

Answer 67

firs conditional: if (when)+ present simple+ will/can 1. Something that is likely to happen if something else happens first. 2. to make a threat or promise.

Question 68

If you work harder, you'd get better marks at school. (But I don't think you'll work harder)

Answer 68

Second conditional: Form if (when) + past simple+ would/could 1. Something the speaker believes is unlikely to happen. unlikely = doubtful 2. something that is entirely imaginary, unreal or untrue_

Question 69

I would ban cars, if I ruled the world (but I will never rule the world)

Answer 69

Second conditional: Form if (when) + past simple+ would/could 1. Something the speaker believes is unlikely to happen. unlikely = doubtful 2. something that is entirely imaginary, unreal or untrue_

Question 70

If I didn't have to leave work early, I could finish this report today.

Answer 70

Second conditional: Form if (when) + past simple+ would/could 1. Something the speaker believes is unlikely to happen. unlikely = doubtful 2. something that is entirely imaginary, unreal or untrue_

Question 71

If they offered you the Job, would you take it?

Answer 71

Second conditional: Form if (when) + past simple+ would/could 1. Something the speaker believes is unlikely to happen. unlikely = doubtful 2. something that is entirely imaginary, unreal or untrue_

Question 72

page 154 the exercise

Answer 72

Second conditional: Form if (when) + past simple+ would/could 1. Something the speaker believes is unlikely to happen. unlikely = doubtful 2. something that is entirely imaginary, unreal or untrue_