talk time Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Do we
become
different people
when
we speak
different languages?
A
- speak different languages
- become different people
2
Q
…. as a simple tool for ….
Language
is often seen
as a
simple tool
for communication.
A
- as a tool
- as a simple tool
- as a simple tool for
3
Q
but in reality, ……
Language
is often seen
as a
simple tool
for communication,
but
in reality,
it is
far more than that.
A
- far /fɑː/ adverb
: by a great distance. - it is far more than that.
4
Q
It shapes
the way
we think.
A
- the way we think
- shape the way we think
5
Q
It shapes
the way
we feel.
A
- the way we feel
- shape the way we feel
6
Q
It shapes
the way
we interact with
the world.
A
- the way we interact with
- shape the way interact with
- interact with the world
7
Q
- For many of us, …
A
- For many of multilingual speakers, ….
8
Q
…. switch between languages…
A
switch /swɪtʃ/ verb
1. change the position, direction, or focus of.
9
Q
It
can feel
like stepping into
a different version of yourself.
A
- It can feel like …..
- step into
- a version of yourself
- a different version of yourself
10
Q
Some
describe
feeling more outgoing
in English.
A
- some = some people
- outgoing /ˈaʊtɡəʊɪŋ/ adjective
: friendly and socially confident. - in English / in Spanish / in German
11
Q
your native language
A
mother tongue
12
Q
This is
simply
an illusion.
A
- illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒn/ noun
: an instance of a wrong or misinterpreted perception of a sensory experience.
ادراک اشتباه یا تفسیر نادرست از یک تجربه حسی. - A delusion of grandeur: is a false or unusual belief about one’s power, wealth, talents, and other traits. A person may believe that he is famous, he can end world wars, or he is immortal.
- The illusion of knowledge: is a cognitive bias involving a person feeling as though they know more or understand better than what their actual knowledge allows them to assert
13
Q
It has
the power
to change
who we are.
A
14
Q
The cultural influence of ……….
- The emotional influence of …….
- The political influence of …
A
The cultural influence of language.
15
Q
- One of the most obvious ways ..
- One
of the most obvious ways
language affects
personality
is
through culture.
A
……..یکی از واضح ترین راه ها
- affect /əˈfɛkt/ verb
: have an effect on; make a difference to. - effect /ɪˈfɛkt/
- affect sth through … : affect personality through culture
- through culture / through politics /
16
Q
- a set of …..
A
- a set of social norms.
مجموعه ای از هنجارهای اجتماعی - a set of unspoken rules
- a set of expectations
- unspoken rules
17
Q
When
we learn
a language, …
A
- learn a language
18
Q
When
we memorize
vocabulary and grammar …
A
- memorize vocabulary
- memorize grammar
19
Q
We
are also absorbing
an entire cultural framework.
A
- absorb /əbˈzɔːb/ verb
1. take in or soak up (energy or a liquid or other substance) by chemical or physical action.
“buildings can be designed to absorb and retain heat”
جذب کردن - absorb cultural framework
20
Q
Take English, for example.
برای مثال انگلیسی را در نظر بگیرید.
A
- Take …. , for example
21
Q
English
is often seen as
an informal
and flexible language.
A
- an informal language
- a flexible language
22
Q
encouraging
casual conversations
even
in professional settings.
A
- casual conversations
- setting /ˈsɛtɪŋ/ noun
plural noun: settings
1. the place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place. - in professional settings
23
Q
It is perfectly acceptable to ………….
It is
perfectly acceptable
to call
your professor
or boss
by their first name.
A
- professor /prəˈfɛsə/ noun
1. a university academic of the highest rank - call someone by their first name.
24
Q
Speak in a direct, almost blunt manner.
A
- a direct manner
- Speak in a direct manner
- a blunt manner
- Speak in a blunt manner
blunt = direct = saying what you think without trying to be polite or caring about other people’s feelings
25
Depending on
whom
you are speaking to .......
- whom /huːm/ pronoun
used instead of ‘who’ as the object of a verb or preposition.
"whom did he marry?"
26
It can influence
how a person behaves
in different situations.
- in different situations
26
You might feel
more relaxed.
- feel more relaxed
27
A multilingual speaker
might feel
more confident.
- a multilingual speaker
: able to use more than two languages for communication
- feel more confident
28
You might feel
more cautious
and reserved.
- feel cautious
: very careful about what you do or say and unwilling to take risks because you want to avoid possible problems
- feel reserved
you're polite, you have a lot of self-control, and you don't show your feelings
opposite:
loudmouth
/ˈlaʊdmaʊθ/ noun informal
a person who tends to talk too much in an offensive way.
29
strict social rules.
- Social rules are specific behaviors expected to be followed by each member of a culture or society.
- strict /strɪkt/ adjective
= uncompromising
/ʌnˈkɒmprəmʌɪzɪŋ/
adjective
30
over time, ...
- Over time: refers to the passing of time
- overtime: /ˈəʊvətʌɪm/ noun
1. time worked in addition to one's normal working hours.
اضافه کاری
31
You are acting differently.
32
Beyond culture, ......
Beyond culture,
language also affects
cognition.
33
Studies suggest that ..........
Studies suggest that speaking
a different language
can change
how we
process information.
- process information
- how we process information
34
Studies suggest that speaking
a different language
can change
how we
make decisions.
- make decisions
- how we make decisions
35
A famous study
found that ...
Studies show that .....
A famous study
by the University of Chicago
found that
people tend to
make more rational choices
when thinking in
a foreign language.
- A famous study
- A famous study by
- the University of Chicago - - found that
- make choices
- make rational choices
- make more rational choices
- thinking in a foreign language
- a foreign language
36
This is because...
This is because
a second language
creates
a slight psychological distance-
it forces us
to slow down,
analyze our words carefully.
- a second language
- slight /slʌɪt/ adjective
small in degree; inconsiderable.
= tiny
- a slight distance
- a slight psychological distance
- force us
- slow down
- analyze words
-analyze words carefully
37
detach from sth
It detaches from instinctive emotional reactions.
- detach /dɪˈtatʃ/ verb
separate
- instinctive reactions
38
Imagine ........
Imagine
you are offered
a gamble.
- gamble /ˈɡambl/ noun
1. an act of gambling.
"Dad likes a bit of a gamble"
39
a 50% chance of winning
take a risk
40
..... rather than relying on gut feelings.
- rely on
- gut feeling noun
plural noun: gut feelings
: a feeling or reaction based on an instinctive emotional response rather than considered thought.
41
In today's hyper-connected world,
social media
gives everyone
a voice.
- In today's hyper-connected world
- give everyone a voice.
42
"a public backlash
against racism"
backlash
/ˈbaklaʃ/
noun
1. a strong negative reaction by a large number of people, especially to a social or political development.
43
What does it mean
to struggle with something?
:
to try very hard to do, achieve, or deal with something that is difficult or that causes problems
44
They
hesitate to
seek help.
hesitate
/ˈhɛzɪteɪt/
verb
pause in indecision before saying or doing something.
45
mental health problems
are hardly ever seen as
legitimate medical conditions.
legitimate
adjective
/lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət
able to be defended with logic or justification; valid.
"a legitimate excuse for being late"
= cogent /ˈkəʊdʒ(ə)nt/ = logical
46
this game
is crucial
to our survival.
Raising awareness
about mental health
is crucial for
reducing stigma.
crucial
/ˈkruːʃl/
of great importance.
- is crucial for
- Raising awareness
- Raising awareness about
- reduce stigma.
47
Raising awareness
about mental health
is crucial
for encouraging
early intervention.
Pupils
are encouraged
to be creative.
encourage
/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ,ɛnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
persuade (someone) to do or continue to do something by giving support and advice.
Early intervention: is an activity aimed at halting the development of a problem which is already evident.
halt /hɔːlt/ = stop
48
Raising awareness
about mental health
is crucial
for promoting
overall well-being.
promote
/prəˈməʊt/
raise (someone) to a higher position or rank = elevate
/ˈɛlɪveɪt/
- overall well-being.
- overall = generally = all-inclusive
/ˌɔːlɪnˈkluːsɪv/ = including everything or everyone.
49
mental health problems
are common
and treatable.
The infection
is treatable
with antibiotics.
treatable
/ˈtriːtəbl/
adjective
able to be healed or cured, especially medically.
50
The impact of
technology and AI
on the job market
is evolving
rapidly.
- the impact of .... on
- job market
- evolve
- evolve rapidly
51
Certain jobs
are becoming
more lucrative,
while others
face decline
or even
obsolescence.
- lucrative /ˈl(j)uːkrətɪv/
adjective: profitable; moneymaking
- decline: noun
a gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, quality, or value. زوال = reduction = decrease
-obsolescence /ˌɒbsəˈlɛsns/
noun: the process of becoming obsolete or outdated and no longer used.
منسوخ شده
52
The impact of
technology and AI
on the job market
is evolving
rapidly.
Certain jobs
are becoming
more lucrative,
while others
face decline
or even
obsolescence.
Here’s
a breakdown of
both sides
based on
current trends.
- breakdown of
- based on
- current trends
53
High-Demand Jobs
in the Future:
High-Paying Jobs in the Future:
54
As AI
becomes
a cornerstone
of various industries,
the demand
for professionals
who can develop,
implement,
and maintain
AI models
will rise.
- becomes a cornerstone
cornerstone: noun
/ˈkɔːnəstəʊn/ = سنگ بنا foundation
- various industries
- the demand for ... will rise.
- implement
noun /ˈɪmplɪm(ə)nt/
= tool
55
On the other hand,
companies
capitalize
on this
by promoting
the false belief
that buying new products
is necessary
to maintain one's dignity,
particularly
through advertising
on social media platforms
- capitalize
ˈkapədlˌīz
: take the chance to gain advantage from.
- by promoting
- promote: actively encourage
- promote a belief
- false belief
- ... is necessary to ...
- maintain one's dignity
- on social media platforms
56
For instance,
they purchase
expensive clothes
instead of
paying off
their outstanding debts
or saving money.
- purchase = buy
/ˈpəːtʃɪs/ verb
- pay off: pay a debt in full.
- outstanding debts
57
In conclusion,
in this era of modern technology,
the influence of
social media
on our decision-making
is inevitable
, and it tempts people
to buy more and more,
even things
they truly
do not need.
- In conclusion,
- in this era of modern technology
- decision-making
- influence of ... on ...
- inevitable: unavoidable
- truly: in a way that expresses the truth; honestly.
58
In the coming decades,
a YouTuber
focusing on
scientific subjects
like psychology, physiology, and neurology
has
the potential
to earn
significant income
- In the coming decades,
- a YouTuber
- has the potential
- earn significant income
59
Will
robots
take our jobs?
take jobs/ take a job
60
complete
the sentence
using
the corroct word
from the box.
61
use
each word
only once.
62
automation
/ˌɔːtəˈmeɪʃn/
noun
The application of technology, programs, robotics, or processes to achieve outcomes with minimal human input.
- take over
phrasal verb of take
1. assume control of something.
- repetitive
/rɪˈpɛtɪtɪv/
adjective
monotonous /məˈnɒtənəs/
dull, tedious, and repetitious; lacking in variety and interest.
Many factory workers
lost their jobs
due to
automation
which
allowed machines
to take over
repetitive tasks.
63
- assistant
/əˈsɪst(ə)nt/
noun
plural noun: assistants
a person who ranks below a senior person.
- artificial intelligence
/ˌɑːtɪfɪʃl ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒ(ə)ns/
Self-driving cars
and voice assistants
are examples of
artificial intelligences (AI)
64
- robot /ˈrəʊbɒt/
-
- employee
ɪmˈplɔɪiː/ noun
plural noun: employees
- redundant
/rɪˈdʌnd(ə)nt/ adjective
no longer needed or useful =
superfluous /sʊˈpəːflʊəs/ adjective
When
a company
replaces
workers with robots
those employees
often
become redundant.
65
The rise of
automation
has led to
job displacement
in many industries,
forcing people
to find
new careers.
- job displacement: the involuntary loss of employment
بیکار شدن
66
Machines
can often
do
the same task
with greater efficiency
than humans.
- efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃnsi/
noun:
the state or quality of being efficient.
"greater energy efficiency"
67
In
a changing world,
it's important
for people
to adapt
and learn
new skills.
68
As
robots /ˈrəʊbɒt/
are used
more often,
the need
for manual labor
is decreasing.
work that is done using physical strength and effort
- manual /ˈmanjʊəl/ adjective
relating to or done with the hands.
-
labour /ˈleɪbə/
noun
1. work, especially physical work.
69
Technological innovation
has changed
how we communicate and work.
70
To work
with a new technology,
employees
need to
update
their skill set.
- skill set: noun
a person's range of skills or abilities.
71
A country's workforce
needs to
be trained
in new technologies
to stay
competitive.
- workforce /ˈwəːkfɔːs/
noun = employees
- competitive /kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv/
adjective = as good as or better than others of a comparable nature.
"a car industry competitive with any in the world"
72
The rise of
individualism
and its effects on
society.
73
In
modern societies,
paticularly
in the west,
the idea of
individualism
has grown
stronger than
ever before.
- particularly /pəˈtɪkjʊləli/
adverb = especially
/ɪˈspɛʃəli,ɛˈspɛʃəli/
74
The individualism
encourages people
to focus on
personal goals,
self-expression,
and independence.
- individualism
/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒʊəlɪz(ə)m/
1. The habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant.
- encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ,ɛnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
- focus /ˈfəʊkəs/
-
independence
/ˌɪndɪˈpɛnd(ə)ns/
noun = self-government = self-rule
75
While
these values
have empowered
individuals
and led to
remarkable progress
in human rights
and personal freedoms,
they have also challenged
traditional ideas
community,
cooperation,
and collective responsibility.
- empower
/ɪmˈpaʊə,ɛmˈpaʊə/
verb: make (someone) stronger and more confident, especially in controlling their life and claiming their rights. =unyoke /ʌnˈjəʊk/ =
unshackle /ʌnˈʃakl/
- lead /liːd/ verb = guide
- community /kəˈmjuːnɪti/
noun = a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common.
- cooperation /kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/ noun = collaboration
/kəˌlabəˈreɪʃn/= the act of working together to the same end.
76
Historically,
most human communities
placed
the group
above
the individual.
- place: verb
1. put in a particular position. = put = put down = lay down =
77
In traditional societies,
people's identity
were shaped
largly
by family roles,
religious beliefs,
or community expectations.
However,
the rise of individualism
is not
without consequences.
78
There was
a strong sense of duty
toward others,
and
personal sacrifices
for the group
were often expected and respected.
- personal
/ˈpəːsən(ə)l/
79
However,
with industrialization,
and
the spread of
liberal democratic ideals,
this collective mindset
began to shift.
People
are taught ت ُت
to take responsibility of
their actions
and their success.
80
People
started valuing
freedom of
choice,
personal ambition,
and
the right to
live
according to
one's own values.
Individualism
also encourages
self-reliance.
- self-reliance
/ˌsɛlfrɪˈlʌɪəns/
noun = self-support
/ˌsɛlfsəˈpɔːt/ = self-sufficiency
/ˌsɛlfsəˈfɪʃnsi/
81
One of the
clearest
advantages of
individualism
is
the expansion of
personal freedom.
- expansion
/ɪkˈspanʃn,ɛkˈspanʃn/
noun = growth
82
People
are no longer forced
to follow
predetermined paths.
- predetermined
/ˌpriːdɪˈtəːmɪnd/ adjective
established or decided in advance. = fixed = set = prearranged
83
Women, for example,
are no longer expected
to limit themselves
to traditional roles.
Young people
can choose
careers
based on
their passions,
not just
family expectations.
84
Morover,
freedom of
thought and belief
allows
for greater creativity, diversity of opinion,
and innovation.
Artists,
entrepreneurs,
and thinkers
have
more space
to develop
ideas that
challenge
old systems
and
bring about
positive change.
bring about: phrasal verb of bring
1. cause something to happen.
"She brought about a revolution in psychoanalysis."
entrepreneur
/ˌɒntrəprəˈnəː/ noun
plural noun: entrepreneurs
a person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit. = businesswoman
85
In many cases,
this
motivates individuals
to work harder,
strive for
personal growth,
and become
more self-aware
It's not surprising that
many of the world's most innovative companies and artists movements
have emerged
from individualistic cultures
where
independence and self-expression
are highly valued.
86
One of the
major concerns
is
social fragmentation.
- social fragmentation:
the absence of connections between individuals and society
fragmentation: noun
/ˌfraɡm(ə)nˈteɪʃn,ˌfraɡmɛnˈteɪʃn/
87
As
people
focus more on their lives
and ambitions,
they may invest
less time and energy
in community life.
Traditional stuctures
such as extended familes,
neighbourhood groups,
and religious communities
have weakened
in many places.
have weakened Sounds like wee·knd.
have weakened: to make weak
88
People
may live
in close physical proximity,
but still feel
emotionally isolated.
close proximity: /prɒkˈsɪmɪti/
close to = near
What does it mean to be in close proximity with someone? Near to each other.
close: /kləʊs/ adj= near
89
Loneliness,
anxiety,
and depression
have increased,
especially
in countries
where
individualistic values
dominate.
anxiety
/aŋˈzʌɪɪti/ noun
1. a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome.
dominate /ˈdɒmɪneɪt/
verb: have power and influence over = control = influence
90
Furthermore,
the emphasis on
personal success
can fuel
a culture of
competition and comparison.
emphasis /ˈɛmfəsɪs/
noun: significance = importance = prominence = weight
91
In a world where
people
are judged by
individual achivements,
those who
fail to meet society's standards
may feel like
outsiders
or even
failures.
outsider
/ˌaʊtˈsʌɪdə/ noun
plural noun: outsiders = a person who does not belong to = stranger
/ˈstreɪn(d)ʒə/
92
Social media
has amplified
this problem.
amplify /ˈamplɪfʌɪ/
verb, past tense: amplified; past participle: amplified =increase the volume of (sound)= increase= turn up= boost
93
difference between special and especial?
Use "special" in everyday conversation — it's natural and widely accepted.
Use "especial" if you want to sound formal or poetic, but it's usually better to say "especially" instead.
Special" (common)
Much more commonly used in modern English.
Describes something that is unique, important, or different from the usual.
Can refer to people, occasions, objects, or qualities.
Examples:
She's a very special friend.
This is a special edition of the magazine.
We made a special dinner for your birthday.
✅ "Especial" (rare/formal/older)
Less commonly used, often sounds more formal or literary.
Emphasizes a particular importance or specific relevance.
Often appears in the phrase "especially" (which is common).
Examples:
He has an especial interest in medieval history. (sounds formal)
The speech was of especial significance to the audience.
94
People
are constantly exposed
to others' "highlight reels"
which
can create
unrealistic expectations
and
damage self-esteem.
damage
/ˈdamɪdʒ/ verb = harm = injure
- constantly
/ˈkɒnst(ə)ntli/
adverb
continuously over a period of time = always
- expose
/ɪkˈspəʊz,ɛkˈspəʊz/
verb 1. make (something) visible by uncovering it. = reveal
- A highlight reel, or HLR, is a curated selection of video clips edited on an insight platform. Highlight reels can include multiple video clips from the same feedback session or clips from multiple sessions. Highlight reels are easily searchable and shareable to amplify your organization's customer insight.
95
Another important issue is
the weakening of
social responsibility.
Sometimes
there is
a belief that
people should take care of themselves
and
that success or failure
is
entirely a matter of
personal effort.
96
Sometimes
there is
a belief that
people should take care of themselves
and
that success or failure
is
entirely a matter of
personal effort.
This veiw
can ignore
larger structural issues
such as
poverty,
racism,
or inequality.
inequality; noun
/ˌɪnɪˈkwɒlɪti/= lack of equality
97
If people
become too focuse on
personal goals
they may
overlook
the struggles of
others
overlook
verb
/ˌəʊvəˈlʊk/
1. fail to notice = miss
98
Despite
these challenges,
it isn't necessary
to reject individualism
altogether.
altogether
adverb
/ˌɔːltəˈɡɛðə/
completely; totally
99
What is needed
is
a more balanced approach.
100
In recent years,
many Iranians
have been leaving
their homeland.
homeland
/ˈhəʊmland/
noun
a person's or a people's native land.
One study
found
about 3.1 million
Iranian-born people
were living abroad
by 2019,
up sharply
from previous decades.
by 2019: تا سال 2019
up sharply: increase very suddenly and to a great degree
101
They
move mainly
to the United States, Canada,
Germany, and the UK.
Surveys
indicate that
over one-third of
Iranians
now want
to emigrate,
especailly
young educated city-dwellers.
emigrate
/ˈɛmɪɡreɪt/ verb
city dweller: noun
a person who lives in a city.
102
This trend
raises big questions:
Why
is emigration rising?
emigration
/ˌɛmɪˈɡreɪʃn/ noun
the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad
103
What are
emigration's effects on Iran
and
on the people
who leave?
The reasons
are many.
104
In short,
life in Iran
has been difficult
lately.
/ɪˈrɑːn
Since 2018,
the U.S withdrawal
from the nuclear deal
led to
harsh sanctions,
causing inflation to spike
and
unemployment to rise.
inflation
/ɪnˈfleɪʃn/
noun: (Economics)
a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.
تورم
spike /spʌɪk/ noun
a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something.
"the oil price spike"
افزایش
105
Many Iranians
saw
their incomes
fall or vanish.
At the same time,
political and social pressures
grew.
106
Protests
have been met
with crackdowns,
and universities
face
new restrictions.
crackdown
/ˈkrakdaʊn/
noun
a series of severe measures to restrict undesirable or illegal people or behaviour.
"a crackdown on car crime"
Movements for reform
(such as Woman, Life, Freedom campaign)
have been supressed,
which
convinced many
to consider leaving
for good.
107
The exodus
has
a clear downside
for Iran.
exodus
/ˈɛksədəs/
noun
a mass departure of people. = evacuation = leaving
