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Theriogenology > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Pregnancy Diagnosis (4 ways)

A

Palpation
Ultrasonography
Radiology
Relaxin hormone testing

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2
Q

Palpation

A

Can be inconclusive

25 to 40 days after conception; gentle abdominal palpation of chorionic vesicles

40 days to term; general caudal abdominal distention but no distinct puppy bumps (cohesive enlargement)

50 days to term (late gestation) may actually palpate individual fetuses

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3
Q

Ultrasonography

A

Best to perform after day 25

Assess fetal viability by heart beat after day 25

Can be used to monitor problem pregnancy and embryonic fetal loss

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4
Q

Radiography

A

Requires skeletal mineralization

Day 45 to term

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5
Q

Radiographs

Order of puppy mineralization day 45

A

Mineralization of skull

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6
Q

Radiographs

Order of puppy mineralization day 48

A

Scapula
Humerus
Femur

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7
Q

Radiographs

Order of puppy mineralization day 52

A

Spinal column
Radius
Ulna
Tibia

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8
Q

Radiographs

Order of puppy mineralization day 54

A

Pelvis

Ribs

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9
Q

Radiographs

Order of puppy mineralization day 61

A 
Coccygeal vertebrae
Fibula
Calcaneus
Distal extremities 
Teeth
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10
Q

Hormones important during pregnancy

A 
Progesterone
Estrogen
Relaxin
Prolactin
Growth Hormone
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11
Q

Progesterone during pregnancy

A

Elevated for duration of gestation
Maintains endometrial integrity
Attachment of placenta
Suppresses uterine contraction

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12
Q

Estrogen during pregnacy

A

Rises 10 to 15 days after LH surge

Supports progesterone secretion and progesterone receptors

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13
Q

Relaxin during pregnancy

A

Produced by placenta (by day 21-30)

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14
Q

Prolactin during pregnancy

A

Supports CL function

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15
Q

Growth Hormone during pregnancy

A

Increase leads to insulin resistance

Helps with mammary development

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16
Q

CBC/Chem Changes During Pregnancy

A

Normocytic, normochromic anemia

Mild neutrophilia
Hypercholesterolemia
Decreased TP
Decreased BUN and Creatinine
Insulin resistance
Decreased serum Calcium
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17
Q

Weight

A

Conception greatest for females with BCS below ideal weight

Overweight females have increased problems during pregnancy and higher chance of dystocia

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18
Q

Nutrition Demand

A

Greatest during last 3 weeks of gestation and during lactation

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19
Q

Nutrition: What to feed

A

NRC and AAFCO approved diet formulated for all life stages

Carbohydrates, protein, fat at proper proportion
Vitamins, minerals, aa

Do NOT provide extra calcium supplementation during pregnancy; can/will cause Hypocalcemia (dogs do not draw Ca from diet but from Ca stores)

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20
Q

Nutrition: How much to feed

A

Feed the same as done prior to pregnancy and increase only at 3 weeks prior to whelping (when energy demand increases significantly)

Increase fed gradually over 7, 8, and 9 weeks to 50% pre-breeding intake

Lactation: increase fed up to 3 times the pre-breeding by third week of lactation

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21
Q

When is fetal growth rate the greatest?

Study These Flashcards
A

Last 3 weeks of the pregnancy

Female will increase BW by 25% during this time

22
Q

Pregnancy disorders relating to diet and energy (4)

Study These Flashcards
A

Puerperal tetany/Eclampsia
Hypoglycemia
Pregnancy toxemia
Gestational diabetes mellitus

23
Q

Puerperal Tetany/Eclampsia/Hypocalcemia
When?
What occurs?

Study These Flashcards
A

Occurs most frequently at highest lactation

Loss of membrane bound calcium allows easier depolarization of muscle fibers

24
Q

Puerperal Tetany/Eclampsia/Hypocalcemia

Clinical Signs

Study These Flashcards
A 
Uterine inertia
Panting
Whining
Muscle fasciculations
Seizures
Hyperthermia
25
Puerperal Tetany/Eclampsia/Hypocalcemia | Bloodwork Abdnormalities
Hypocalcemia with normal albumin
26
Puerperal Tetany/Eclampsia/Hypocalcemia | Treatment
Acute: administer calcium slowly via IV Monitor heart rate; stop injection with dysrhythmia Oral supplementation with calcium carbonate and Vitamin D
27
Hypoglycemia
Uncommon Clinical signs similar to puerperal tetany Treat with IV dextrose Check for glucosuria; R/O diabetes
28
Pregnancy Toxemia | Cause
Uncommon in dogs Life threatening for pups and mom; may have to terminate pregnancy Cause: Large litter size and inadequate nutrition -> ketosis (must differentiate from diabetes mellitus) Anorexia during the last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy
29
Gestational diabetes mellitus | How?
Progesterone stimulates growth hormone and leads to insulin resistance during late pregnancy Could see DKA
30
Gestational diabetes mellitus | Diagnosis
High serum glucose or high urine glucose and urine ketones Insulin therapy may help early in the disease
31
Drug administration consideration
Puppy effects Pregnancy associated changes in serum albumin, CO, renal clearance
32
Class A Drug Type
Specific studies proven safe to use during pregnancy
33
Class B Drug Type
Laboratory animal studies show some risk, but likely safe if used cautiously
34
Class C Drug Type
Studies have shown potential risk and should be used only as last resort
35
Class D Drug Type
Contraindicated during pregnancy
36
Class A Antibiotics
Amoxicillin Cephalosporin Clavulanic acid Clindamycin
37
Class A Antifungal
Miconazole
38
Class A Antiparasite
Fenbendazole | Pyrantel
39
Class A Anesthetic
Lidocaine | Naloxone
40
Class A Gastrointestinal
Antacids | Sucralfate
41
Class B Antibiotics
Sulfonamides | TMS
42
Class B Antifungal
Ketoconazole
43
Class B Anesthetic
``` Acepromazine Fentanyl Isoflurane Morphine Butorphenol ```
44
Class B Gastrointestinal
Antiemetics | Metoclopramide
45
Class B Cardiovascular
Dopamine Heparin Theophylline
46
Class C Antibiotics
Chloramphenicol Gentamycin Metronidazole
47
Class C Antiparasite
Amitraz
48
Class C Anesthetic
Diazepam Halothane Thiopental
49
Class C Endorine
Corticosteroids
50
Class D Antibiotics
Ciprofloxacin Enrofloxacin Tetracycline Streptomycin
51
Class D Anesthetic
Pentobarbital
52
Class D Endocrine
Diethylstibestrol Estradiol Stanozolol Testosterone

Theriogenology (7 decks)

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