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Theriogenology > Estrous Cycle > Flashcards

Estrous Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Anestrus
Start with progesterone level
Duration

A

Starts at end of luteal period, progesterone < 1 ng/mL

Duration: 2-5 months, even up to 10 months

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2
Q

Anestrus
What is it?
Key hormones

A

Quiescent period for rest and repair of uterus

Controlled by HPG
Hormones: GnRH, FSH, LH

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3
Q

Anestrus

Hormone activity early to late anestrus

A

GnRH pulse frequency increases leading to production of both FSH and LH

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4
Q

What hormone stimulates follicular development?

When is it highest?

A

FSH

Greatest in anestrus

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5
Q

Relationship between FSH and LH

A

FSH increases LH receptors in granulosa cells in ovary

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6
Q

Proestrus
What is it?
Duration?

A

Time of development an maturation of follicle and oocyte

Duration: average is 9 days, range 3-14 days

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7
Q

Proestrus

Signs and what causes them

A

Increasing estrogen level

Swelling vulva
Serosanguinous vaginal discharge
Vaginal mucosal thickening
Attraction of males

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8
Q

Estrus
What is it?
Duration?

A

Time of final oocyte maturation, ovulation, breeding, receptivity, and conception

Average 9 days range from 3 to 14 days

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9
Q

Estrus

Hormone release

A

LH surge initiates estrus; ovulation a few days after

Corpora lutea formation; increasing progesterone

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10
Q

Estrus

Characteristics

A

Decreasing vaginal discharge
Reduced swelling and softening of vulva
Thickening edematous vaginal mucosa (preparing for breeding as well as uterus for pregnancy)
Standing for breeding

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11
Q

What must happen to an oocyte before fertilization?

Canine

A

Oocyte is ovulated with only one meiotic division

Second division is required before fertilization (takes about two days)

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12
Q

Diestrus
What is it?
Duration

A

Luteal period occuring after every estrus

Duration; 50-70 days

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13
Q

What is unique in canines in regards to progesterone?

A

Bitch has serum progesterone levels during diestrus which are fairly similar regardless whether bred or not and regardless whether pregnant or not

This is due to CL (in-tact for 2 months)

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14
Q

Pseudocyesis; what is it?

A

False pregnancy; normal in dogs does NOT indicate disease

Indicates ovulation plus development then deterioration of CL

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15
Q

Pseudocyesis clinical signs

A

Mammary gland development
Galactorrhea (lactation)
Abdominal distension
Nesting behavior

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16
Q

Feline Facts

A

Seasonally polyestrus (long day breeder)

Ovulation induced by mating (causes LH surge); will mate several times, ovulation rate based on mating frequency

Can cycle in and out of estrus frequently

17
Q

Vaginal Cytology

A

Indirect indicator of serum estrogen level

Vaginal mucosal thickness will occur; 15-20 cell layers during estrus while it is only 4-5 cell layers thick during anestrus and diestrus

18
Q

Cytology:

Cells from vestibule

A

Degenerated; no normal cell membrane or nucleus

Rolled appearance

19
Q

Cytology:

Anestrus and Diestrus

A

Parabasal cells; healthy cells from near the basement membrane

Small cells, large nucleus with highly defined nuclear detail

Occasional neutrophils

No RBCs

20
Q

Cytology:

Proestrus

A

Intermediate cells; cellular membrane integrity lost

Some parabasal cells

Very few neutrophils

Many RBCs

21
Q

Cytology:

Estrus

A

Primarily superficial cells
Flattened degenerated cells with pyknotic nucleus or no nucleus
Cornified, keratinized, anuclear

Clear background due to increased fluid production

Some intermediate cells

Decreased RBCs

Rare parabasal cells and neutrophils

22
Q

Blood contamination in semen

Where?

A 
May come from:
Surface of penis
Prepuce
Testes
Epididymis
Prostate
Bladder
Abdomen
Penis
Sheath
23
Q

Blood contamination in semen

Why?

A

Potential infection

Surface vessels are very fragile

24
Q

Blood contamination in semen

Quality of semen

A

Dimished because sperm adheres to RBCs

25
Q

Blood contamination in semen

Breeding

A

Do NOT breed female until diagnostics are run on the semen

Also perform:
Physical exam (including prostate exam)
Urinalysis
Cytology of semen (bacteria? WBC? RBC? RBC:WBC)

26
Q

Surgical Intrauterine Insemination

A

Semen deposited in uterine horns with IV catheter

Not done commonly

Can do an abdominal approach and inject right into uterine horn (want to make sure semen does not go out of cervix)

27
Q

Sperm function after insemination:
Fresh or chilled semen
How often?

A

4 to 5 hours

Breed twice at start of fertile period and again one to two days later

28
Q

Sperm function after insemination:
Fresh semen in uterus
How often?

A

9 to 11 days

Natural cover; usually done every other day

29
Q

Sperm function after insemination:

Chilled semen in uterus

A

1 to 2 days

30
Q

Sperm function after insemination:

Thawed frozen semen

A

Less than one day

Must be intrauterine
Done day 5 and 6 following LH surge

Theriogenology (7 decks)

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