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Reproduction and Sexual Health > Pregnancy Physiology > Flashcards

Pregnancy Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

outline the stages an embryo goes through after fertilisation

A

ovulation - fertilisation - cleavage - morula - blastocyst - implantation

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2
Q

what is the name of the clump of cells that is implanted after fertilisation

A

blastocyst

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3
Q

where does fertilisation usually occur

A

ampulla of the fallopian tube

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4
Q

on what days after fertilisation does the blastocyst move to the uterus

A

days 3-5

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5
Q

on what days after fertilisation does the blastocyst implant onto the uterus lining

A

day 5-8

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6
Q

what do the inner and outer cells of the blastocyst become respectively

A

inner - embryo

outer - placenta

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7
Q

what 2 types of tissue is the placenta derived from

A

trophoblast tissue and decidual tissue (mucosal lining of the uterus)

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8
Q

maternal and foetal blood do not cross true/false

A

true - separated by connective tissue

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9
Q

which hormone signals for the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone

A

HCG

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10
Q

the foetal heart and placenta are functional by which week of pregnancy

A

5th

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11
Q

outline some of the main functions of the placenta

A

2 way gas exchange
water and electrolyte diffusion
glucose enters foetus through simplified transport

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12
Q

de-oxygenated blood returns to the mother via which vessel

A

uterine vein

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13
Q

oxygenated blood enters the foetus via which vessel

A

umbilical vein

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14
Q

what is the main function of HCG

A

prevents involution of the corpus luteum

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15
Q

what does the corpus luteum stimulate

A

progesterone release

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16
Q

what are the main functions of HCS

A

growth hormone like effects
breast development
reduces insulin sensitivity in the mother allowing more glucose for the foetus

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17
Q

outline 3 functions of progesterone

A

development of decidual cells
decreases uterine contractility
prepares for lactation

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18
Q

outline 3 functions of oestrgoen

A

enlargement of uterus
breast development
relaxation of ligaments/increases uterine contractility

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19
Q

how does cardiac output change in response to pregnancy

A

increases due to uteroplacental circulation demands

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20
Q

why does CO decrease again roughly 8 weeks before term

A

due to uterus compressing on the vena cava

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21
Q

does plasma volume increase or decrease in pregnancy

A

decrease

22
Q

what does the change in plasma volume and erythropoiesis mean for Hb concentration in pregnancy

A

erythropoiesis increases in pregnancy therefore Hb concentration decreases by dilution which in turn decreases plasma viscosity

23
Q

does GFR and renal plasma volume increase or decrease in pregnancy

A

increase causing increased resorption of ions and water

24
Q

what is the average weight gain during pregnancy

A

24 lbs

25
Q

what is the additional calorie requirement in pregnancy

A

approximately 250-300 extra calories per day

26
Q

which phase of pregnancy is sensitive to insulin and which is insensitive to insulin

A

1-20 weeks - sensitive to insulin

21-40 - insensitive to insulin, foetus also has increased metabolic demands

27
Q

taking B vitamins helps with which process

A

erythropoiesis

28
Q

taking folic acid helps prevent which defect

A

neural tube defects

29
Q

why is vitamin K indicated before parturition

A

to prevent intracranial haemorrhage during birth

30
Q

list some drugs that are concentrated/transmitted through breast milk

A 
amiodarone 
carbimazapine 
nicotine 
heroin 
benzodiazepines
31
Q

what effect on the neonate does amiodarone have

A

neonatal hypothyroidism

32
Q

what effect on the neonate does cytotoxics in pregnancy have

A

bone marrow suppression

33
Q

what effect on the neonate does benzodiazepines in pregnancy have

A

drowsiness

34
Q

what does phenytoin in pregnancy increase the risk of

A

cleft lip/cleft palate

35
Q

what does stillbestrol in pregnancy cause

A

vaginal adenocarcinoma as the child becomes older

36
Q

what does sodium valproate in pregnancy increase the risk of

A

neural tube defects

37
Q

by the end of the pregnancy, how does the oestrogen : progesterone ratio change

A

oestrogen increases to prepare for birth

38
Q

which hormone stimulates contractility and excitability of the uterus

A

oxytocin

39
Q

which hormone controls the growth of the lobular breast system

A

oestrogen

progesterone controls growth of the lobular system

40
Q

which hormone promotes the production of breast milk

A

prolactin

41
Q

describe the difference between foremilk and hindmilk

A

foremilk - protein rich

hindmilk - thinner, less protein for when the baby has been fed well

42
Q

which hormone controls the let down reflex

A

oxytocin

43
Q

describe the let down reflex

A

in response to stimuli such as a baby crying the brain senses that as hunger and promotes the let down of milk into the breast

44
Q

which hormone is responsible for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy

A

HCG

45
Q

serum HCG levels double every __ in an early singleton pregnancy

A

48hours - if this is incorrect suspect a pathology

46
Q

an unusually high HCG is suggestive of what condition

A

molar pregnancy

47
Q

a falling HCG is suggestive of what condition

A

failing pregnancy such as miscarriage

48
Q

a static or slow rising HCG is suggestive of what condition

A

ectopic pregnancy

49
Q

how does blood pressure change in normal pregnancy

A

drops - lowest point is in second trimester

approx drops by 15mmHg from normal but returns in third trimester

50
Q

what are the normal levels of Hb in pregnancy

A

first trimester Hb 110g/L

second and third trimester Hb 105g/L

Reproduction and Sexual Health (22 decks)

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