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biology > Prelim > Flashcards

Prelim Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

Controls cell activities and contains DNA

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3
Q

Are fungal and bacterial cell walls made of the same material as plant cell walls

A

No

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4
Q

What is the sequence of bases along a strand

A

Genetic code

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5
Q

What is mRNA

A

a molecule that carries a complementary copy of genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome where the protein is assembled from amino acids

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6
Q

What are the functions of proteins

A

Structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors

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7
Q

What are enzymes function

A

Biological catalysts

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8
Q

What forms during an enzyme reaction

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

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9
Q

What is an example of a synthesis enzyme

A

Phosphorylase-starch

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10
Q

What is an example of a degradation enzyme

A

Amylas-maltose

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11
Q

What is the purpose of genetic engineering

A

To transfer genetic information from one cell to another

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12
Q

What is the purpose of respiration

A

To release chemical energy

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13
Q

What are the cellular activities that require ATP

A

Muscle cell contraction, cell division, protein synthesis, transmission of nerve impulses

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14
Q

What is glucose broken down into

A

Two molecules of pyruvate which releases two molecules of ATP

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15
Q

What happens when oxygen is present

A

Aerobic respiration takes place

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16
Q

What is pyruvate broken down into

A

Carbon dioxide and water releasing a large number of ATP molecules

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17
Q

What happens in the absence of oxygen

A

Fermentation pathway takes place

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18
Q

What is pyruvate broken down into in animal cells

A

Lactate releasing two molecules of ATP

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19
Q

what is pyruvate broken down into in plant cells

A

Carbon dioxide and ethanol releasing two molecules of ATP

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20
Q

Where does respiration begin

A

Cytoplasm

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21
Q

Where is the process of fermentation completed

A

Mitochondria

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22
Q

Where is the process of respiration completed

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

What happens at the first stage of mitosis

A

Each chromosome makes an identical copy of itself

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24
Q

What are spindle fibres

A

Strands of protein

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25
What are the new cells from mitosis used for
Growth and repair
26
What are stem cells involved in
Growth and repair
27
What does the nervous system consist of
CNS and other nerves
28
Where is the cerebrum found
The large folded part of the brain
29
Where is the cerebellum found
Below the cerebrum
30
Where is the medulla found
At the top of the spinal chord
31
What is the function of the cerebrum
Controls consciously thoughts, reasoning, memory, and emotions
32
What is the function of the cerebellum
Controls balance and coordinated movement
33
What is the function of the medulla
Controls heart rate and breathing rate
34
What does a motor neuron do
Enables a response to occur at an effector
35
What do endocrine glands do
Release hormones into the bloodstream
36
Where are insulin and glucagon released from
Pancreas
37
What are the roles of insulin and glucagon
To control glucose levels in the bloodstream
38
What happens when the concentration of glucose in the blood is too high
Insulin is released
39
What does insulin do
Triggers liver enzymes to convert glucose to glycogen which lowers the glucose levels
40
What happens when the concentration of glucose in the blood is too low
glucagon is released
41
What does glucagon do
Triggers the liver cells to convert stored glycogen to glucose and raise the glucose levels again
42
What is fertilisation
The fusion of the nuclei of the two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
43
What are alleles
Different forms of genes
44
What are the reasons why the predicted phenotype ratios are not always achieved
Fertilisation is a random process and the sample size was not big enough
45
What parts of the plant are involved in water transport
Root hairs xylem vessels, spongy mesothelioma, guard cells and stomata
46
What are phloem cells made up of
Seize plates and associated companion cells
47
What is contained within mammal blood
Plasma, red blood cells and white blood cells
48
How are red blood cells specialised
Biconcave, no nucleus and containing haemoglobin
49
What are pathogens
Disease causing micro-organisms
50
What do phagocytes do
Carry out phagocytosis engulfing and digesting the pathogen
51
What do lymphocytes do
Produce antibodies to destroy pathogens
52
What is the function of the right atria
Collects deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and passes it to the right ventricle
53
What is the function of the left atria
Collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it to the left ventricle
54
Function of the right ventricle
Collect deoxygenated blood from the right atria and pumps it through to the pulmonary artery
55
Function of the left ventricle
Collects oxygenated blood from the left atria and pumps it through the aorta
56
Function of valves
Prevent the back flow of blood
57
Function of aorta
Distributes oxygenated blood pumped at high pressure from the left ventricles and to the body
58
Function of the vena cava
Passes deoxygenated blood oozing at low pressure through the veins of the body and to the right atria
59
Function of pulmonary vein
Passes oxygenated blood oozing at low pressure from the lungs to teh left atria
60
Function of the pulmonary artery
distribute deoxygenated blood pumped at high pressure by the right ventricle and distribute sit to the lungs
61
Function of the coronary artery
distributes oxygenated blood pumped at high pressure bye the left ventricle to these heart muscle itself
62
What are arteries
They have thick muscular walls, a narrow central channel and carry blood under high pressure away from the heart
63
What are veins
Have thinner walls, a wider channel and Cary blood under low pressure back toward the heart
64
What do capillaries form
Networks at tissues and organs to allow efficient exchange of material
65
What do the lungs consist of
A large number of alveoli
66
Where are oxygen and carbon dioxide observed through
The thin alveolar walls to or from many blood capillaries
67
Where are nutrients from food absorbed into
Villi in the small intestine
68
What does each villus contain
A network of capillaries to absorb glucose and amino acids and a lacteal to absorb fatty acids and glycerol
69
Where is the least amount of energy lost at each level in the food chain
Growth
70
Why do animals consume other animals or plants
To obtain amino acids for protein synthesis
71
Why are GM crops used
To reduce the use of fertiliser
72
What tool would you use to measure light intensity
Light meter
73
What are indicator species
Species that by their presence or absence indicate environmental quality/levels of pollution
74
What is mutation
A random change in genetic material that is the only source of new alleles
75
What happens during the light reaction stage of photosynthesis
The light energy from the sun is trapped in chlorophyll in the chloroplast and is converted into chemical energy which is used to generate ATP. Water is split to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen diffuses
76
What happens during the carbon fixation stage
A series of enzyme-controlled reactions, which use the hydrogen and ATP with carbon dioxide to produce sugar
77
What can the sugar be converted into
Starch(storage) cellulose(structural)

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