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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY > PRELIM LECTURE L1: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY > Flashcards

PRELIM LECTURE L1: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Flashcards

1
Q

define immunology

A

study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body

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2
Q

foreign substances that induce a host response

A

antigens

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3
Q

how do the body components respond and interact to provide immunity

A

recognition, interaction, disposal, regulation

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4
Q

medically related consequences that can arise during immune response

A

fail
respond in an exaggerated way

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5
Q

conditions that can occur when immune system fails to respond

A

autoimmune disorder
immunodeficiences

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6
Q

conditions that can occur when immune system responds in an exaggerated way

A

hypersensitivity disorders

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7
Q

condition of being resistant to infection

A

immunity

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8
Q

components of the immune system

A

cells, humoral factors and tissues

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9
Q

characteristics of immune system components

A

specificity
memory
mobility
replicability
cooperation between different cells or cellular products

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10
Q

primary role of the immune system

A

recognize self from non-self, and defend against non-self

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11
Q

do not possess immunologic memory

A

innate/natural immune system

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12
Q

possess immunologic memory

A

adaptive/acquired/specific immune system

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13
Q

T or F:
adaptive immunity has the same response speed upon reexposure

A

F
it is faster and increased response

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14
Q

T or F:
antigens are substances that always induce an immune response

A

F
may or not elicit immune response

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15
Q

two forms of antigens

A

non-self
self-antigen

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16
Q

examples of non-self antigen

A

carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, blood donated, food we ate

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17
Q

antigen that always cause a disease

A

immunogen

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18
Q

immunogen that is in living form

A

pathogen

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19
Q

the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen

A

immunological tolerance

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20
Q

failure to attack the body’s own proteins and other antigen

A

self-tolerance

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21
Q

Who described a phenomenon where individuals who recovered from a certain diseases rarely contracted the same disease

A

Thucydides (430 BC)

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22
Q

only disease eradicated worldwide

A

small pox

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23
Q

infected individuals with small pox are called

A

speckled monster

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24
Q

appearance of small pox under a phase contrast microscope

A

corkscrew shaped

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25
two virus variants of small pox
variola major variola minor
26
involves exposing healthy people to a material coming from an infested material of infection
variolation
27
unsung hero of vaccination
Benjamin Jesty
28
year when Benjamin Jesty infected his family with cowpox after observing milkmaids conferred immunity to smallpox
1774
29
year when Jesty's attempts were successful
1805
30
developed a custom of inhaling powdered crust from smallpox lesions blown into the nostrils using a pipe
Chinese (1500s)
31
custom developed by the Chinese
insufflation
32
practiced variolation through inoculation
Lady Mary Wortly Montagu (1720s)
33
what year did Mary Montagu introduced variolation in Europe
1921
34
founder of cross-immunity
Edward Jenner
35
antigenic similarity of the different viruses
cross-reactivity
36
phenomenon in which exposure to one agent provides protection against another agent
cross-immunity
37
date when Jenner inoculated 8-year-old James Phipps with fluid from a cowpox lesion (Sarah Nelmes, milkmaid)
May 14, 1796
38
date when Jenner inoculated Phipps with smallpox matter and Phipps did not develop the disease
July 1, 1796
39
Injection of cellular material to induce immunity
vaccination
40
vaccination came from what Latin word
"vacca" = cow
41
Developed attenuated vaccines; father of immunology
Louis Pasteur
42
Basis of Pasteur's Discovery
Older bacterial cultures of Pasteurella multocida did not cause disease in chickens and led to the concept of attenuation
43
Process of making a pathogen less virulent
attenuation
44
methods of attenuation
Heating, drying, chemical treatment
45
vaccines developed by Pasteur
Chicken cholera Anthrax Rabies (1885)
46
year when WHO declared the total eradication of small pox
1979
47
Observed white blood cells ingesting dye
Ernst Haeckel (1862)
48
Discovered cellular immunity Observed phagocytosis when motile cells surrounded a rose thorn in starfish larvae Proposed that phagocytosis is a natural immune mechanism
Elie Metchnikoff (1880-1900)
49
discovered humoral immunity
Emil Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato (1890)
50
substances that neutralized or destroyed diphtheria and tetanus toxins
antitoxins
51
called antitoxins as antibodies
Paul Ehrlich
52
concept of humoral immunity
humoral means part of fluid; thus, soluble
53
wrote the book "The Specificity of Serological Reactions"
Karl Landsteiner
53
protective factors in the blood and other body fluids
antibodies
54
claimed that human immune system is specific in protecting its own antigen
Karl Landsteiner
55
him and his crew carried syphilis from Haiti to Europe
Christopher Columbus
56
claimed the "side-chain theory"
Ehrlich (1900s)
57
what is the "side-chain theory"
antibodies have receptors which act only on specific antigen
58
this substance coat pathogens to make them more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells
opsonin
59
first described delayed type hypersensitivity
Robert Koch
60
described passive administration of antitoxin; serum therapy; serum antitoxin
Emil Von Behring
61
described that non-disease causing bland substances can cause anaphylactic shock (uncontrolled hypersensitivity; T1)
Portier, Ricket
62
discovered type 2 hypersensitivity
Maurice Arthus
63
discovered cutaneous polio vaccine
Salk
64
discovered oral polio vaccine
Sabin
65
discovered precipitins
Robert Kaus
66
discovered Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity
Maurice Arthus
67
discovered opsonization
Almoth Wright
68
discovered complement
Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet
69
discovered yellow fever vaccine
Reed
70
identified basic antibody structure
Geralyn Edelman, Rodney Porter
71
identified first monoclonal antibodies
Kohler
72
Discovered Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
George Snell, Jean, Dauset, Baruj Benacerraf
73
nobel prize winner for antibody diversity
Sususmu Tonegawa
74
performed first transplantation
Edward Donall Thomas, Joseph Murray
75
developed HPV vaccine
Frazer

IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (11 decks)

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